RED HAT 认证学习资料：Chapter 3

probing

¤绝对原创&¤红帽子认证辅导教程第三章上 V.2003.1.8
声明:  
本文的中文版权属于译者probing所有  
你可以随便使用和补充资料但请注明译者,前提是不要用在商业用途上.如果用于商业请与我联系.  
probinger@21cn.com zhoubinn@yeah.net  
做为redhat的非官方的补充学习资料,通过以认证资料的学习为主线来贯串整个有关的知识.  
原英文资料目前你可以从www.linuxsir.cn的发行版redhat专题中找到  
本文不遵循任何条约,但在全部完成后可能会有改变.  
特别注意:  
如果你在阅读本文档时发现所写的内容与你所知不符或者你觉得错处太多或者在该用专业术语的地方却被不明确的词语代替,请原凉,因为译者的水平有限,但是任推荐你阅读本文档,因为好的教科书好找,但是撰文让你挑错的文档难寻,但这也不是说译者没有认真的做这件事.^-^  
别的论坛及网站请勿转载 如要转载请和linuxsir及我联系(方式是去linuxsir上发贴注明要求)  
翻译说明:  
本人不保证这些翻译是完全正确的,也不保证它对你有用,虽然我想保证.  
由于本人水平有限,本文中必然存在许多错误和不当之处,本人欢迎你对此修改  
所以,我采用中英文对照方式,便于大家查询使用文档.
文档约定:  
本文档随时更新,如要确定你拿到的是否是最新的版本请看标题旁的修改时间  
类似(*注,....)的内容就是原英文资料没有的,是译者的补充  
有些经验参照了linuxsir上兄弟们的经验,如果你按步就班的出了问题不要来问我,请到www.linuxsir.cn上发贴询问.  
本文档首先考虑的是基于理论上的完整性,但在适当的地方译者会放上实际操作中可能出现的问题及解决的办法,当然本人觉的这更象个大杂烩而不太象一个标准的文档,但这也没有什么关系,重要的是你知道了新的东西,你的知识又充足了一点.  
基于译者的机器配置如下  
主板 磐英EPOX BX3  
处理器 intel celeron433超541  
显卡 国产金鹰TNT2PRO版 32M  
声卡 国产青苹果CMI8738  
显示器 三星550S  
硬盘 IBM 桌面之星系列15.3G + 希捷ST32120A 2.1G  
内存 KINGMAX64M + KINGMAX128M  
光驱 国产狮王50x  
软驱 三星1.44M  
鼠标 普通双飞燕3D  
键盘 ACER  
系统 redhat8.0硬盘完全安装 英文版
主板 大众FIC VL601
处理器 intel celeron433
显卡 国产金鹰TNT2PRO版 32M  
声卡 国产青苹果CMI8738  
显示器 三星550S  
硬盘 IBM 桌面之星系列15.3G + 希捷ST U5 20G
内存 KINGMAX64M + KINGMAX128M +HY64M
光驱 国产狮王50x  
软驱 三星1.44M  
鼠标 普通双飞燕3D  
键盘 ACER  
系统 redhat8.0硬盘完全安装 英文版
本章学习要达到的目标:
详细的7.*和8.*安装步骤和实例分析,完整的概念和论述.
附带各种安装出现的怪问题和解决办法和原理探讨.
Chapter 3
第三章
Installation
安装
Certification Objectives
具体目标
3.01      Disk Partitioning Strategies for Server and Workstation Installations
3.01          服务器和工作站的硬盘分区策略
3.02      Choosing an Installation Class: Workstation, Server, Laptop, or Custom
3.02          安装选项:工作站,服务器,笔记本计算机和定制
3.03      The Installation Process
3.03          安装过程
3.04      The LILO Boot Process and Intel Hardware/BIOS Issues
3.04          LILO的启动过程和英特尔硬件/BIOS内容
3.05      Using loadlin
3.05          loadlin的使用
3.06      Additional Installation Details
3.06          附加的安装详细资料
3.07      Creating Partitions: Details
3.07          创建分区:详细资料
3.08      Viewing Boot Time Information
3.08          观察启动时的信息
3.09      The Bootup Messages in dmesg
3.09          启动环境信息
3.10      Understanding the Standard Boot Process
3.10          理解标准启动的过程
3.11      Validating the Installation
3.11          确认安装
3.12      Logging In as Root
3.12          作为root登录
3.13      How Do You Know When Your Hardware Is Not Supported?
3.13          你如何知道当你的硬件不被支持?  
3.14      Sample Installation Exercises
3.14          实际示范安装

(*注:章节论述要点如下)
Installation Options.  
安装选项
Workstation and Laptop Installation Details.  
工作站和笔记本电脑安装的详细资料
Server Installation Details.  
服务器安装的详细资料
The Custom Installation Option.  
定制安装的选项
Disk Space Required for Installation Options.  
安装选项时的硬盘空间需求
Preinstallation Preparation.  
安装前的准备工作
PreInstalling Hardware Information.  
收集硬件信息
Boot the First CD-ROM.
首先从光驱启动
Installation Diskette(s) May Be Needed.  
安装或许需要软盘
Almost Ready to Install  
准备开始安装
CD-ROM or Boot Diskette Starts Installation.  
从光驱或软盘开始安装
Quick Overview of Installation.  
快速浏览安装
Boot Control of Your System..  
引导调试你的系统
/etc/lilo.conf  
What to Do When You See LILO..  
当你看见LILO的时候做什么?  
LILO Parameters.  
LILO的参数
LILO Errors.  
LILO的错误
What to Do If /etc/lilo.conf Changes.  
如果/etc/lilo.conf改变了该怎么办?
Partition Concepts.  
分区的概念
Preparation Details Before fdisk or Disk Druid.  
在执行fdisk或Disk Druid之前准备好详细资料
Why Separate File Systems?.  
为什么分隔文件系统?
Linux File Systems: /tmp /boot /usr/local /var /home.  
linux的文件系统:/tmp /boot /usr/local /var /home
Possible Target File Systems for Separate File System Placement  
为了单独的文件系统准备目标文件系统
Swap Space Partition Sizing and Placement  
交换分区的大小和位置
Hardware Installation Scenarios.  
硬件安装脚本
Hard Disk Installation.  
硬盘安装
Source Files on the CD-ROM..  
光驱上的来源文件
Source Files from Network Installations.  
网络安装上的来源文件
Source Files from FTP and HTTP.  
FTP和HTTP上的来源文件
Source Files from NFS.  
NFS上的来源文件
Source Files from Samba.  
Samba上的来源文件
The Installation Log File.  
安装什时的日志文件
The Console Installation Output Screens.  
控制台安装的屏幕输出
Installation Complete.  
安装完成
Introduction to Installation Exercises.  
实例安装入门

There is a perception that a workstation and server are two distinct systems. In the Linux environment, this categorization is more an optimization for usage than a type of platform. Both Workstation and Server installations use the exact same installation disk, the difference being the particular software sets, also called packages, loaded by each option.
工作站和服务器是两种不同的系统.在linux的世界里.这比一种单一的平台明显的具有更多的优势.工作站和服务器都是相同的硬盘设置,区别是不同的软件设置,也称软件包管理,每个都有不同的设置.
The Workstation installation is designed mainly for inbound traffic to the host, where the workstation uses network services from the network servers. The workstation usage concept itself is one where the user sits at the machine and performs day-to-day activities.
工作站安装是特意为主人(*注:理解为具有root权限的使用者,也可以是计算机的主人)方便本地交流而设计的,其中,工作站从网络服务器使用网络服务.工作站的设计概念本身就是用户在计算机旁边处理日常事务.
The Server installation includes all the common network services like Web, FTP, NFS, Samba, and many more. You can add any combination of these network services to any machine. At any time, you can upgrade a workstation to server status by installing these services. A server designation conceptually is a machine centrally located and managed, that offers network services to many other hosts, usually workstations.
服务器安装包括所有的网络服务如Web, FTP, NFS, Samba,还有更多.你可以添加任何网络服务组合到任何机器上.任何时候你都可以通过安装这些服务把工作站升级到服务器状态.服务器指派概念上是集中定位和管理机器,服务于许多其他的主人(*注:此处理解同上述),通常是工作站.
All installations now include the choice of configuring a firewall, and since the Workstation and Server designations are oriented more for perceived use, there are no actual limitations as in some operating systems.
所有的安装包括选择配置一个防火墙,从工作站到服务器的指派都是为了感知的使用更加定向,如同一些操作系统中没有实际的限制一样.
The next section is an overview of the installation program, pointing out various aspects of the installation you need to be aware of. Overall, the chapter is designed to provide a bigger picture of the more difficult concepts.
接下来的章节是一个安装程序的综述,指出你需要知道的安装程序的各个方方面面.本章特意提供了许多关于这些不同概念的图片.
The first preinstallation topic is the disk partitions, their layout, and what is needed for various installation options. Since unlimited possibilities abound when installing an operating system, you are introduced to various scenarios, such as what to do when the target system is new, and what's the best course of action when it has an operating system you may or may not want to keep.
在安装前的第一个主题是硬盘的分区,它们的布局,为了安装选项的各各方方面面.当安装操作系统时毫无限制,你应该提出一个脚本,这样知道在目标新系统中如何去做,当你想或者不想保持的时候最好的行动方针步骤.
There are many details related to concepts and design information that are useful to know, but if you wanted to get started immediately, you simply need to some unallocated and unformatted free disk space. You can get this by simply adding a new disk drive to your system. The mechanics of adding a drive and changing your CMOS settings (so your CD-ROM is a bootable device) are beyond the scope of this book, but neither operation is complicated. Once the new drive is installed and your system is configured to boot from the CD-ROM drive, just stick the first CD-ROM from the Official Red Hat set into the CD drive and reboot! Take the defaults for a Workstation installation and see what happens, it will probably just install, dual boot automatically, and voilà! You are ready to play!  
有许多需要知道的关于概念和设计上的有用的详细信息,但是如果你想要立刻开始,你仅仅需要一些没有分配和无格式的磁盘空间.要做到这些你可以简单的给你的系统加个新的硬盘.加硬盘的技巧和你的CMOS设置(如果你的光驱是可引导的)超出了本书的论述范围(*注:不要紧,在本章的末尾我们会有一些有关的讨论.^-^),尽管这两者的调试是复杂的.一旦新的硬盘安装了并且系统设置为从光驱启动,就把正式版redhat放入到第一个光驱中并从新启动机器.使用默认值安装工作站观察发生了什么,可能只是安装,自动双重启动.你开始准备玩吧!
Note: Some commercially available unofficial copies of Red Hat Linux may not be bootable. In such cases, you will need to create a floppy disk using the BOOT.IMG file on the first CD-ROM in the IMAGES directory to start your installation. Details on creating this diskette will appear later in this section.
注意:一些redhatlinux的供应商使用非官方的拷贝可能不是可引导的.在这种情况下,你将需要用在第一张光盘中IMAGES
文件夹中的BOOT.IMG创建一张启动软盘来开始你的安装.关于创建这个软盘的详细信息将在本章中晚些时候论述.

CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE 3.01
Disk Partitioning Strategies for Server and Workstation Installations
服务器和工作站安装的分区策略

By the very nature of the usage, the Workstation installation is typically much simpler than the Server installation. Usually, Workstation installs are optimized for local user applications that are centered around the X-Window system and utilize services from the network.
由于很相似的用法性质,相对服务器安装工作站安装典型的简单的多.通常,工作站是围绕视窗(X-windows)系统和从网络利用服务对本地用户最佳化.
The server system needs to be designed for optimal management and flexibility of use. This normally means the server has many more distinct partitions that make up the file system, allowing for more selective management of these individual partitions. For example, it is very common to have a separate partition for the user home directories. By separating the user home directories to one partition, disk quotas can be maintained on just that file system, and backups and restores are more specific. With the smaller file systems, failures are easier to rebuild, and expansion of any one-file system is made easier.
服务器系统是为了最理想的管理和灵活的使用性需要而设计.正规的服务器意味着有许多不同的划分构成文件系统,允许更多的选择性管理这些单独的划分.例如,可以为用户主目录划分一个单独的分区.通过给用户主目录单独划分分区,可以实现磁盘配额,备份和恢复数据等许多特殊功能.这么一个小小的文件系统,错误可以被容易的修复,任何一个文件系统的扩展也更容易了.
The Red Hat installation program has preconfigured options that build both a generic workstation and server, as well as a laptop workstation. Although these are not perfect, they are excellent starting points for new systems. The Custom option allows you to create any combination of partitions and software services for either a workstation or server usage. The Custom option can be used to create any installation design, including a server or workstation type of installation.  
redhat安装程序已经预先构造了一个普通工作站和服务器,还有便携式工作站.尽管这不是完美的,但对一个新的系统来说是一个极好的起点.定制选项允许你对每个系统,工作站和服务器的不同使用目的进行分区和软件服务的自由组合.定制选项可以用来创建任何安装设计,包括服务器和工作站类型的安装.

CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVE 3.02
Choosing an Installation Class: Workstation, Laptop, Server, or Custom
选择安装类型:工作站,膝上型,服务器,或者定制

This section will introduce you to the various installation options you will encounter during installation and try to demystify the reasons behind why there are many partitions, explain differences between the installation choices, and why you should choose one over the other.
这节将向你介绍在安装过程中遇到的各个安装选项并在随后努力解释明白为什么有许多分区,解释安装中不同选项的差别,为什么你选择这个而不是别的.
Installation Options
安装选项
Figure 3-1 details the different installation types found in Red Hat 7.1.
Figure 3-1:
插图3-1详细列出了不同的安装类型,red hat 7.1
(*注:7.x的都差不多了,尽管不是完全一样的,相信你能看出来,8.0版多了个desktop,即桌面版的选项,在最顶端)
Laptop-Class Installation
膝上型安装(*注:就是笔记本电脑或者移动型工作站)
A laptop-class installation provides a workstation-class installation that has some packages removed to save space and some packages added specifically for the laptop type of hardware. The Laptop installation allows you to select either GNOME or KDE desktop environments, or both, plus Games, and is basically a Workstation installation.
笔记本电脑安装提供的是一个移除了一些软件包的工作站安装以节约硬盘空间,增加了一些支持笔记本电脑硬件的软件.
笔记本安装允许你选择任一GNOME或KDE环境或者都选,附加的游戏等,从根本上来说就是一个工作站安装.
For general installation details, follow the Workstation installation. The Laptop installation specifics are not covered in this section.
对于普通的安装细节,参考工作站安装.在这部分章节中就不在重复了.
Upgrade Installation
升级安装
For any version of Red Hat Linux starting with 3.0.3 or later, you can quickly update to the latest packages and kernel version by using this upgrade option.
对于redhatlinux3.0.3或更高的版本,你可以通过这个选项来快速的更新软件包和内核版本.
Creating a Server or Workstation Using the Custom Installation Option
使用定制选项建立服务器或工作站
There is a Custom option that allows selection of any combination of software, and there are three other installation options-server, workstation, or laptop-each with preconfigured software package sets. All four options are presented during an interactive installation, as illustrated in Figure 3-1.
定制选项允许你任意的组合软件,还有另外的三种安装选项-服务器,工作站,或笔记本,都是已经构成好的软件包组合.所有的这四个选项都在安装中交互提出,如图3-1.1(注:这是8.0版的,对比7.X的少了笔记本选项)
The Custom option can actually be used to create either a Server or Workstation installation, but offers the added benefit that you can make changes to the default package sets.
事实上定制选项可以创建一个服务器或者工作站,好处是它可以让你修改默认的软件包设置.
The Custom installation requires that you be aware of how to configure disk drives and their partitions, what is the swap partition, how to create a swap partition, how to create separate file systems for important directory structures, and why you need to plan this all beforehand.
定制安装要求你知道如何配置硬盘和设置分区,什么是交换分区,如何创建一个交换分区,如何为重要的目录创建单独的文件系统,为什么你需要事先规划这些.
If you wanted to change the default partition layout or preserve an already installed operating system of any type, you would need to use the Custom Installation option. To use the Custom Installation for either a server or workstation installation would require that you know exactly what packages represent the workstation or server installation options.
如果你想改变缺省的硬盘规划或者保持已经安装了的任何类型的操作系统,需要用定制安装.使用定制安装对服务器或工作站来说要求你确切的知道工作站和服务器安装的软件包的用途.
Base Packages Installed
基本的软件包安装
On the Red Hat CD-ROM in the /Red Hat/base/ directory, there is a text file that lists all the packages associated with each group, as well as the specific sets of packages installed for the Workstation and Server installations. This package configuration file is called comps. This file can be viewed with any text-oriented editor, like Notepad on Windows or gNotepad on Linux. Figure 3-2 shows the GUI installation representation of the first few groups of packages.
在redhat光盘内的/Red Hat/base/目录里,有一个文本文件列出了所有的与每个组有关联的软件包,还有为工作站和服务器安装设置的软件包.这个软件包配置文件名是comps.这个文件可用任何文本编辑器来查看,如windows下的记事本或者linux下了gNotepad,图3-2显示了图形安装时最初的组的少数软件包.
Figure 3-2: GUI installation of the first few package groups
图片3-2:图形安装时最初的少数软件包群
A package is just one set of files related to a given application. For example, there is a Perl (programming language) package named perl-5.00503-2.i386.rpm. This Perl package, at about 4.3MB, is in the /Red Hat/RPMS directory on the CD-ROM and contains all the required executables, libraries, help files, and installation requirements. You can install this package, or any other, on any Red Hat Linux host whenever necessary using the rpm (Red Hat Package Manager) utility, which will be discussed later.
一个封包(注:从一开始我们就管package称为软件包,其翻译的原意是封包,这是redhat公司的一种软件封装形式,我习惯称为软件包,好像中文对这还没有一个统一的称谓.)仅仅是约定的应用程序的文件设置.例如,有一个Perl(编程语言)软件包名为perl-5.00503-2.i386.rpm.这个Prel软件包大约4.3MB,在光盘的目录/Red Hat/RPMS下并且包含所有可执行的,
帮助文件和安装需求.你可以安装这个软件包,或者别的,在任何redhat host需要使用rpm(red hat 软件包管理)工具,这将在稍后讨论.
A group of packages, such as the DOS/Windows Connectivity group includes a pre-configured set of these packages, as detailed in the following comps text file:
一组软件包,如DOS/Windows相关联组包括一个配置设置这些软件包,详细资料在如下的文本文件排列中:
  0 DOS/Windows Connectivity {
   dosfstools
   dos2unix
   unix2dos
   mtools
   zip
   tcsh
   samba-common
   samba-client
   perl
   unzip
}
You could customize the groups associated with any installation group, or create new ones, and add them to the comps file, then either provide the revised Red Hat directory via a network share, or create a custom CD-ROM, in order to have customized workstation and server installations that anyone can use (such as remote offices wanting to stick to a standard installation for all corporate-wide machines).
你可以自定义这些关联的组群和任何安装的组,或者创建新的,把它们加入到文件列表中,或者通过网络服务共享得到修订的red hat目录,或者创建一张定制光盘,以得到任何人可使用的(如远程办公室想为所有的机器安装同样的标准安装)定制工作站和服务器安装.
Workstation and Laptop Installation Details
工作站和笔记本安装的详细资料
The following lists the minimum recommended disk space requirements for a basic workstation installation.
下面的列表是一个基本工作站安装需要的推荐的最小硬盘空间.
*Workstation with GNOME: 1.2GB
*Workstation with KDE: 1.2GB
*Workstation with both GNOME and KDE, and Games group: 1.5GB
(*注:GNOME和KDE是X-windows也就是图形界面)
This is just the minimum disk space, you will require more for actual data files such as documents, downloads, source files and e-mail to name a few. The more disk space, the better. If you are testing Linux for the first time, you should have at least a few hundred more megabytes of space to play with.
这仅仅是最小的硬盘空间,你可能需要更多的空间在实际使用数据文件如文档,下载,源码文件和e-mail.空间越多越好.如果你首次测试linux,你需要多出100MB的空间来运行.
Behind the Scenes-The Partition Layout for Workstation
工作站硬盘划分的后台工作
The Workstation installation option first deletes all ext2 (Linux) partitions. Then the Workstation installation uses all the remaining free space, whether it was ext2 type before or not, and creates three partitions as follows:
工作站安装首先删除所有ext2(linux)分区.接着工作站安装将使用所有剩下的空闲分区,不管它以前是否是ext2,接着创建如下分区:
*        64MB swap partition  
               64MB交换分区
*        16MB /boot partition for all Intel platforms (a 2MB partition mounted as /dos and used for the Milo boot loader for an Alpha platform)  
               16MB /boot分区对于所有的intel平台(Alpha平台是一个2MB分区如/dos用来放启动管理器)
*        A variable-sized partition for the root, denoted as "/", that consumes all available remaining free space  
               对root一个可变大小分区,标志如/,这使用了所有可用的空间.
Dual-Boot with Previous OS
多重启动以前的OS
Any previous operating system that existed on the machine is left intact. This can be good or bad. It is good if this is a test or development system and you want to be able to boot into any one of the operating systems on the machine. It is bad if this machine will only be running Linux. The other operating systems will take up space that may never be available to the Linux operating system for use. You must decide whether you want to keep the previous operating system, before doing your installation.
机器上以前的操作系统是完好的.这可以是好的或坏的.好的是如果这是个测试或发展的系统并且你想能导入到任何机器里.不好的是如果这个机器将只能运行linux.别的操作系统将占据它们可能永远都不会用而LINUX系统需要的空间.你必需决定是否保留以前的系统在安装前.
The Apache Web Server package is NOT installed with a Workstation installation. You can add this package at any time using the rpm utility.
在工作站安装中Apache Web Server软件包没有被安装.你可在任何时候用rpm工具添加.
The Laptop installation allows you to select either the GNOME or KDE desktop environments, or both, plus Games and is basically a Workstation installation.
笔记本安装允许你选择任一GNOME或者KDE桌面环境,或者两者都,还有些附加的游戏.
The Simplest Partition Strategy for a Workstation or Server
工作站和服务器的最简单的分区策略
The simplest partition setup for a basic workstation would be to create a single swap partition and then a single root partition. This is not a very well designed system for security or maintenance purposes, but it will work. This is NOT recommended for anything but a development system. A production server should maintain certain portions of the file system tree as separate partitions. More details are provided later on this topic.
基本的工作站的最简单的分区策略是创建一个单独的交换分区和单独的root分区.对安全和维护来说这不是个好的设计,但是它可以工作.这是不推荐的除非是为了系统开发研究.一个成品的服务器应该作为文件系统树的一部分如同单独的分区.稍后我们还将讨论.
If you do choose to install with only a single root partition, you can add additional partitions later, provided you have additional available disk space. Thus, your system can easily expand to meet the needs of its users.
如果你选择安装只有一个跟分区,你能以后增加分区,如果你有多余能用的空间.从而,你的系统可很容易的\扩展来满足用户的需要.
Workstation Option Packages Installed
工作站安装时的软件包选项
The list of file packages installed by a default Workstation installation is listed on the CD-ROM in /Red Hat/base/comps. This list contains references, either directly or indirectly through the use of group names, to the hundreds of packages installed. Each package contains at least one file, and usually several of them. Hundreds of files are installed during an installation, and this is only the beginning.
缺省的工作站安装的软件包列表在光盘的/Red Hat/base/comps中.对于上千个软件包,这个列表中包含参考,或者直接通过使用组来命名.每个软件包包含至少一个文件,通常是几个不等.在安装是数百的软件被安装,而这仅仅是个开始
0 --hide Workstation Common {
   @ Printer Support                  打印支持
   @ X Window System                  X-窗口支持
   @ Mail/WWW/News Tools              Mail/WWW/News工具
   @ DOS/Windows Connectivity         DOS/Windows连通
   @ Utilities                        实用软件
   @ Graphics Manipulation            图形处理
   @ Multimedia Support               多媒体支持
   @ Networked Workstation            网络工作站
   @ Dialup Workstation               Dialup工作站
   @ Authoring/Publishing             作者与出版
   @ Emacs                            Emacs
   @ Development                      发展
Notice that the workstation contains ten groups (referenced by the @ symbol preceding the group name) of software packages. The comps syntax allows for packages or groups to be tested as selected, and to optionally load more package groups if the selected package or group has been chosen, as in this next example:
注意,工作站安装包含10个组(引用符号@在组的名字前面)的软件包.comps构造允许测试如选择,选择更多的软件包或组,如
下面的例证
0 Emacs {
  ? X-Window System {
     emacs-X11     
  }
   ? Authoring/Publishing {
     psgml
   }
   emacs
   emacs-nox
}
The "? X Window System" indicates test if the X-Window System group has been selected already. If true (i.e., the X-Window System group has been selected), this test will include everything between the curly brackets (in this example {  emacs-X11  }).
"? X Window System"表明检测如果已经选择了X-窗口系统组.如果这是真的(i.e., X窗口系统组已经被选择),这个检测将指明每个软件包(如这个例证中的{  emacs-X11  }).
In both of the previous code listings, the group names, Workstation Common and Emacs, are preceded by a zero (0), indicating they are not part of the default selection group should the user select the Custom Installation option. Additionally, the "--hide" option provides a mechanism to hide this option during the Custom installation screen display of groups available.
在这所有之前的代码列表中,组的名字,普通的工作站和略小的工作站,被命为零(0),指明了它们不是缺省选择的组的部分,而是用户选择定制安装.另外,"--hide"(隐藏)选项提供在定制安装时屏幕显示若干组可供使用选项.
Server Installation Details
服务器安装的详细资料
If you are intending to run this machine as a server of common network services and do not wish to hunt through the selection of packages during the installation, then the Server Installation option is your best choice.  
如果你希望这台机器运行如一个公共网络服务而不希望在安装时选择软件包,那么服务器安装是你最佳选择.
caution: This installation will remove all partitions on all disks.
警告:安装将删除硬盘上的所有分区和数据.
If you already have an operating system on this machine, it will be overwritten, with no opportunity given to back up anything during the installation. This installation assumes you are creating a full-time server, and that any other operating system would just waste disk space.
如果你已经有操作系统在这台机器上,它将被覆写掉,在安装期间没有机会挽回任何事情.这个安装假定你在创建一个专业的服务器,任何其他的操作系统都是浪费硬盘空间.
Server Partitions
服务器分区
You need at least 2400MB, or 2.4GB, of total disk space. There are six partitions created, four with a fixed size and two that share the remainder of the disk or disks. The four fixed-size partitions created are a 256MB swap partition, a root partition of 256MB, a /boot partition of 16MB, and a /var partition of 256MB. The two variable-sized partitions created are a /usr partition of at least 512MB and a /home partition of at least 512MB.
你需要至少2400MB或者2.4G的硬盘空间.这将创建六个分区,其中四个是固定大小的,两个是共享盘.这四个固定大小的分区是:一个256MB的交换分区,一个256MB的root分区,一个16MB的/boot分区,一个256MB的/var分区.两个动态分区是一个至少512MB的/usr和一个至少215MB的/home分区.
The following list provides an overview of the partitions created automatically by a Server installation:
下面的列表是一个自动安装服务器的所有分区的浏览:
*256MB swap partition
*16MB /boot partition for all Intel platforms (a 2MB partition mounted as /dos and used for the Milo boot loader for an Alpha platform)  
*A root (/) partition of 256MB  
*A /var partition of 256MB
*A /home partition of at least 512MB
*A /usr partition of at least 512MB
The variable-sized partitions, /home and /usr, split the remainder of space and hence consume the rest of up to two additional disks if needed. If more than three disks are present, some of the disks will not be used.
动态分区/home和/usr,如果需要的话可以分割硬盘的剩余空间附加到这两个盘上.如果有三个硬盘,那么有些硬盘将不被使用.
Server Option Network Packages Installed  
网络服务软件包的安装选项
Table 3-1 is a sublist of the application packages loaded by the Server installation that are network related: (The order matches the sequence in the /Red Hat/base/comps installation file.)
表3-1是相关的网络服务应用软件.(排列对应于/Red Hat/base/comps)
autofs     bind-utils   finger     ftp       whois      indexhtml    iptables    nfs-utils
ncftp      ipchains     iputils    wget      m4         nscd         nss_ldap    openldap-clients
openssl    openssh      openssh-clients      krbafs     pam_krb5     pidentd     portmap
gmp        python       rdate      rhn_register         up2date      rpm-python  python-xmlrpc
gnupg      rmt          rsh        rusers    rwho       sendmail-cf  stunnel     make
talk       tcp_wrappers telnet     traceroute           yp-tools     ypbind      openssh-server
sysstat    xinetd       talk-server          telnet-server           rusers-server
rwall-server            finger-server        rsh-server  make        ypserv
Table 1: Network-related Packages Specific to Server Installation
表1:服务器安装中网络服务相关的软件包

The Custom Installation Option
定制安装选项
This Custom Installation option provides the most flexibility for an experienced Linux or UNIX administrator. During this installation option, you can select more or fewer groups and even individual packages within each group, configuring the partitions to suit your needs more explicitly.
定制安装为富有经验的linux和unix管理员提供了极大的灵活性.在这种安装你可以在每一组内选择多个或者少数或者单独的软件包,按照你的需要来划分分区.
Selecting Packaged Sets
选择设置软件包
Of the many package sets available, each has a list of associated modules. In many cases, these module names are required for more than one group and hence appear duplicated in many of the package options. This ensures all required dependencies are installed if only one or two optional packages are picked.
许多软件包设置的是通用的,每一个有相关模块列表.在许多情况下,这些模块名称对超过一个组是需要的因此出现在许多软件包安装安装选项中.对仅仅随意安装一两个软件包来说这可以保证所需要的从属关系.
After all package group options have been selected, the system checks for duplicate name requests, then installs all required packages just once. For full details on these package sets, see the /RedHat/base/comps text file.
在完成所有软件包群的选择后,系统检察所要复制文件的从属关系,然后一次安装完所有这些软件包.详细的相关设置细节请看/RedHat/base/comps文件.
Figures 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, and 3-6 show the various package set names available during a Custom installation. Some packages will already be selected for you and will have an asterisk (*) in the selection box. These four figures contain all the package sets. During installation, only the first few names on the list can be seen, but there are actually more packages than can fit on one screen. To view them during installation, use the arrow keys to scroll up and down, and press the SPACEBAR to toggle the selection on or off. An asterisk means "selected." The base Linux system is included automatically in all cases.
图3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6是定制安装中显示可供安装的各种各样的软件包组,一些包将已经选择,因为在前面有记号标示出*,这四个图包含了所有的软件包组,安装中仅仅列表的最初几个名称可以看见,实际中还有更多的软件包.你可以用旁边的键盘的方向健来上下察看用空格健来选择.linux基本系统在所有情况中自动的被包括.
Figure 3-3:
图3-3
Package set names, first screen  
软件包名称,第一个屏幕
*printer support                  (打印支持)
*x window system                  (x窗口系统)
*gnome                            (gnome窗口管理器)
kde
*mail/www/news tools              (电子邮件/www/新闻组 工具)
dos/windows connectivity         (dos/windows连通)
Figure 3-4:
Package set names, screen two
*graphics manipulation             (图形处理)
*games                             (游戏)
*multimedia support                (多媒体支持)
laptop support                    (笔记本电脑支持)
*networked workstation             (网络工作站)
*dialup workstation                (dialup工作站)
Figure 3-5:
Package set names, screen three
news server                       (新闻服务)  
*nfs server                        (网络文件系统服务)
*smb(samba) server                 (smb服务)
ipx/netware(tm) connectivity      (ipx/netware连通)
*anonymous ftp server              (匿名ftp服务)
*web server
Figure 3-6:
Package set names, screen four
*authoring/publishinh              (授权/出版许可证)
*emacs
*development                       (开发工具)
*kernel development
*utilities                         (工具箱)
everything
select individual packages
Note: Selected groups have dark boxes preceding them, whereas unselected options have light boxes beside them.
注意:如果选择组请在旁边单击
If you were doing a text-based install (an option in every installation), you would see a text-based set of choices as depicted in the following code:
如果你是用文本安装(每个安装中都有的),那如下:
[ ]   Printer Support

   X-Window System

   GNOME
[ ]   KDE

   Mail/WWW/News Tools
[ ]   DOS/Windows Connectivity

   File Managers               (文件管理)
[ ]   Graphics Manipulation
[ ]   Console Games
[ ]   X Games

   Console Multimedia          (控制台多媒体)

   X multimedia support

   Networked Workstation

   Dialup Workstation
[ ]   News Server
[ ]   NFS Server
[ ]   SMB (Samba) Connectivity
[ ]   IPX/Netware(tm)Connectivity
[ ]   Anonymous FTP Server
[ ]   Web Server                  (web服务)
[ ]   DNS Name Server             (dns服务)
[ ]   Postgres(SQL)Server         (数据库服务)
[ ]   Network Management Workstation
[ ]   TeX Document Formatting     (有关文本文件的处理工具)
[ ]   Emacs
[ ]   Emacs with X-Window
[ ]   C Development               (c开发工具)
[ ]   Development Libraries
[ ]   C++ Development             (c++开发工具)
[ ]   X Development               (图形化开发工具)
[ ]   GNOME Development           (gnome下的开发工具)
[ ]   Kernel Development          (核心开发工具)
[ ]   Extra Documentation         (额外的开发工具)
[ ]   Everything
     [ ] Select Individual Packages
In the preceding code, the choices are many and the combinations numerous. Pick only the packages you need. For instance, if you want to write C language programs, you would want the C Development packages and possibly the C Development Libraries. The Extra Documentation package is usually a good idea for at least one machine in your network.
(注:在这里有许多的安装选择,仅仅安装你需要的最好.如果你不了解软件包的倚赖从属关系,或者你是个新手,建议你选择全部安装,这样在以后的软件编译安装中你不会在到处找软件包来满足倚赖关系)

Disk Space Required for Installation Options
安装时所需的硬盘空间

Most new computers come with very large disks, easily exceeding the 2.4GB (2400MB) needed for a full installation of Red Hat Linux. If you do not have this much space available, you should find out what space requirement is necessary for each installation.
大部分的新计算机有许多大的磁盘空间,很容易的超过redhat linux安装所需的2.4GB(2400MB).如果你没有这么多的可用空间,那你需要知道每个安装选择所要的磁盘空间.
Workstation-Class Space Requirements
工作站类的空间需求
A workstation-class installation (choosing to install GNOME or KDE) requires at least 1.2GB of free space. Choosing both GNOME and KDE as well as the Games requires at least 1.5GB of free disk space.  
一个工作站类安装(选择安装GNOME或者KDE)需要至少1.2GB.GNOME和KDE及游戏都选则是1.5GB.
Server-Class Space Requirements
服务器类空间需求
A server-class installation requires 2.1GB (2100MB) of disk space. If you were to use the Custom installation and decide which server packages to install, this installation would require 650MB for a minimal installation and at least 2.1GB of free space if every package is selected.
一个服务器类安装需要2.1GB.如果你是使用定制安装决定选择服务软件包,那一个最小安装需要650MB,如果安装所有的服务软件包将至少要2.1GB.
Laptop-Class Space Requirements
笔记本电脑类空间需求
A Laptop-class installation (when choosing to install GNOME or KDE) requires at least 1.2GB of free space. If you choose both GNOME and KDE as well as the Games you will need at least 1.5GB of free disk space.
一个笔记本电脑类安装(选择GNOME或KDE)至少1.2GB,如果GNOME和KDE及游戏都选则至少1.5GB.
Custom-Class Space Requirements
定制类空间需求
A Custom-class installation requires 300MB for a minimal installation and at least 2.4GB of free space if every package is selected.
一个定制类的最小系统安装需要300MB,如果选择全部安装则是至少2.4GB
The Everything option includes more packages than just selecting all the named groups, and thus requires more disk space overall. To use automatic partitioning, you must have enough free disk space available (1.2GB or more). If you do not have enough free disk space, this option will not appear during your installation and you will be required to partition the disk.
选择全部选项包括更多的软件包组群需要更多的空间.使用这个选项你必需有足够多的自由空间(1.2GB或者更多).如果你没有足够多的空间,那么这个选项在安装中将不会出现,你将被要求为硬盘分区.

How Much More Space Is Needed?
还需要多少空间?
The question of disk space needed over and above operating system needs is always relevant. You will require as much as it takes, and probably more. The absolute minimum for a Red Hat Linux OS is around 300MB of disk space, if you install Linux with few server services and without X. With 500MB, you could probably sneak in X, but you still wouldn't have enough room for a few server services and games. You still need a minimum of 100MB or more to work with. 1.2GB for a Workstation installation is merely a starting point; you'll likely need lots of additional space for user data. As of early 2001, you probably cannot buy a new PC with less than 6000MB (6GB) of disk space. For a single-user workstation, this may be sufficient. For a server, it may be too small. If it is too small, you will know soon enough. However, it is easy to add disks to Linux and expand your file system at any time, so this should not be a big concern. Get the biggest disk you can afford as your starting point. Then, if you are new to Linux, select either Workstation for a single dedicated user, or the Server option for Web, FTP, File and Print, DNS, and NFS services. If you have some Linux or UNIX experience, you will probably want to use the Custom Installation option for additional flexibility.
磁盘空间需求的问题总是和系统需求有关联的.你随着它的需要而增加空间.REDHAT LINUX OS绝对最小系统需要300MB左右,如果你安装少数几个服务并不安装X系统要500MB,你可能不需要X,但对几个服务和游戏你需要空间.并且要使它们工作你还需要约100MB的空间或者更多.1.2GB对工作站安装来说只是个起点;你可能需要给你的用户更多的空间来存储数据.对于早在2001前,你可能不会买到一台新机器带有至少6000MB(6GB)硬盘空间.对单用户的工作站这足够了.对一个服务器,这可太小了.然而,随时添加硬盘给LINUX是一件容易的事情.所以你可以不用太关注这个问题.如果你对LINUX不熟悉并想要诸如打印'网络'FTP'等服务,你可以选择工作站,如果你熟悉LINUX可能为了更多的灵活性你可以选定制安装.
All servers managed by the author have at least two disks containing between 6 and 10GB of disk space. You will probably find that if you are connected to the Internet and start creating Web and FTP content, by downloading applications, support material, new kernels, new games, and other amusements, you will very quickly use up the disk space. So go big! Get lots of disk space. It's cheap. Additionally, get a CD-R or CD-RW device to make backups, since single write CD-ROMs have become very inexpensive lately, just like rewriteable CD-RW disks. Remember, the true cost of disk space is the cost of the disk space itself plus the cost of the backup media and associated backup hardware!
所有被管理的服务器都有至少2块在6到10GB之间的硬盘.很快你会发现,从英特网上制作网页FTP,下载文件,新的资料游戏'核心及其他的娱乐等使硬盘空间越来越小,增加硬盘吧!它很便宜!(注:呵呵,同感!)另外,可以使用CD-RM和CD-R来备份文件,这也相对低廉的.记得:磁盘空间的真实费用是硬盘本身的费用加上备份文件的费用.