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简介 ............................................................................................................ xxii
1. Document Conventions ............................................................................... xxii
2. 送回您的反馈 ............................................................................... xxv
I. 文件系统 ........................................................................................................... 1
1. 文件系统结构 ..................................................................................... 2
1. Why Share a Common Structure? ........................................................... 2
2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) ................................. 2
2.1. FHS Organization ........................................................................ 2
3. Special File Locations Under Red Hat Enterprise Linux ............................ 6
2. ext3文件系统 ...................................................................................... 7
1. ext3的功能 ..................................................................................... 7
2. 创建一个ext3文件系统 .................................................................. 7
3. 转换到一个ext3文件系统 ........................................................... 8
4. Reverting to an ext2 File System ............................................................. 9
3. proc文件系统 ....................................................................................10
1. A Virtual File System .............................................................................10
1.1. Viewing Virtual Files ...................................................................10
1.2. Changing Virtual Files ................................................................11
2. Top-level Files within the proc File System .............................................11
2.1. /proc/apm ..................................................................................11
2.2. /proc/buddyinfo ..........................................................................12
2.3. /proc/cmdline .............................................................................12
2.4. /proc/cpuinfo ..............................................................................13
2.5. /proc/crypto ................................................................................14
2.6. /proc/devices .............................................................................14
2.7. /proc/dma ..................................................................................15
2.8. /proc/execdomains .....................................................................15
2.9. /proc/fb ......................................................................................15
2.10. /proc/filesystems ......................................................................15
2.11. /proc/interrupts .........................................................................16
2.12. /proc/iomem .............................................................................17
2.13. /proc/ioports .............................................................................17
2.14. /proc/kcore ...............................................................................18
2.15. /proc/kmsg ...............................................................................18
2.16. /proc/loadavg ...........................................................................18
2.17. /proc/locks ...............................................................................18
2.18. /proc/mdstat .............................................................................19
2.19. /proc/meminfo ..........................................................................19
2.20. /proc/misc ................................................................................21
2.21. /proc/modules ..........................................................................21
2.22. /proc/mounts ............................................................................22
2.23. /proc/mtrr .................................................................................23
2.24. /proc/partitions .........................................................................23
2.25. /proc/pci ...................................................................................23
2.26. /proc/slabinfo ...........................................................................24
2.27. /proc/stat ..................................................................................25
2.28. /proc/swaps .............................................................................26
2.29. /proc/sysrq-trigger ....................................................................26
2.30. /proc/uptime .............................................................................26
2.31. /proc/version ............................................................................27
3. Directories within /proc/ .........................................................................27
3.1. Process Directories ....................................................................27
3.2. /proc/bus/ ..................................................................................29
3.3. /proc/driver/ ...............................................................................30
3.4. /proc/fs ......................................................................................30
3.5. /proc/ide/ ...................................................................................30
3.6. /proc/irq/ ....................................................................................32
3.7. /proc/net/ ...................................................................................32
3.8. /proc/scsi/ ..................................................................................33
3.9. /proc/sys/ ...................................................................................35
3.10. /proc/sysvipc/ ...........................................................................46
3.11. /proc/tty/ ..................................................................................47
4. Using the sysctl Command ....................................................................47
5. Additional Resources ............................................................................48
5.1. Installed Documentation .............................................................48
5.2. Useful Websites .........................................................................48
4. Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) ...............................................49
1. What is RAID? ......................................................................................49
2. Who Should Use RAID? ........................................................................49
3. Hardware RAID versus Software RAID ...................................................49
3.1. Hardware RAID ..........................................................................49
3.2. Software RAID ...........................................................................50
4. RAID Levels and Linear Support ............................................................50
5. Configuring Software RAID ....................................................................51
5.1. Creating the RAID Partitions .......................................................52
5.2. Creating the RAID Devices and Mount Points ..............................55
5. 交换空间 .................................................................................................61
1. 什么是交换空间? ...........................................................................61
2. 增加一个交换空间 ..............................................................................61
2.1. Extending Swap on an LVM2 Logical Volume ..............................62
2.2. Creating an LVM2 Logical Volume for Swap ................................62
2.3. Creating a Swap File ..................................................................63
3. 删除交换空间 .........................................................................63
3.1. Reducing Swap on an LVM2 Logical Volume ...............................63
3.2. Removing an LVM2 Logical Volume for Swap ..............................64
3.3. Removing a Swap File ................................................................64
4. 移动交换空间 .............................................................................65
6. Managing Disk Storage .................................................................................66
1. Standard Partitions using parted ............................................................66
1.1. Viewing the Partition Table .........................................................67
1.2. Creating a Partition .....................................................................68
1.3. Removing a Partition ..................................................................70
1.4. Resizing a Partition ....................................................................71
2. LVM Partition Management ...................................................................72
7. Implementing Disk Quotas .............................................................................75
1. Configuring Disk Quotas ........................................................................75
1.1. Enabling Quotas ........................................................................75
1.2. Remounting the File Systems ......................................................76
1.3. Creating the Quota Database Files ..............................................76
1.4. Assigning Quotas per User .........................................................77
1.5. Assigning Quotas per Group .......................................................78
1.6. Setting the Grace Period for Soft Limits .......................................78
2. Managing Disk Quotas ..........................................................................78
2.1. Enabling and Disabling ...............................................................78
2.2. Reporting on Disk Quotas ...........................................................79
2.3. Keeping Quotas Accurate ...........................................................79
3. Additional Resources ............................................................................80
3.1. Installed Documentation .............................................................80
3.2. Related Books ...........................................................................80
8. Access Control Lists ......................................................................................81
1. Mounting File Systems ..........................................................................81
1.1. NFS ..........................................................................................81
2. Setting Access ACLs .............................................................................81
3. Setting Default ACLs .............................................................................83
4. Retrieving ACLs ....................................................................................83
5. Archiving File Systems With ACLs .........................................................83
6. Compatibility with Older Systems ...........................................................84
7. Additional Resources ............................................................................84
7.1. Installed Documentation .............................................................84
7.2. Useful Websites .........................................................................85
9. LVM (Logical Volume Manager) .....................................................................86
1. What is LVM? .......................................................................................86
1.1. What is LVM2? ..........................................................................87
2. LVM Configuration ................................................................................87
3. Automatic Partitioning ...........................................................................88
4. Manual LVM Partitioning ........................................................................89
4.1. Creating the /boot/ Partition .........................................................89
4.2. Creating the LVM Physical Volumes ............................................92
4.3. Creating the LVM Volume Groups ...............................................94
4.4. Creating the LVM Logical Volumes ..............................................95
5. Using the LVM utility system-config-lvm ..................................................98
5.1. Utilizing uninitialized entities ...................................................... 101
5.2. Adding Unallocated Volumes to a volume group ......................... 102
5.3. Migrating extents ...................................................................... 104
5.4. Adding a new hard disk using LVM ............................................ 106
5.5. Adding a new volume group ...................................................... 107
5.6. Extending a volume group ........................................................ 109
5.7. Editing a Logical Volume .......................................................... 110
6. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 113
6.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 113
6.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 113
II. Package Management ......................................................................................... 114
10. Package Management with RPM ............................................................... 115
1. RPM Design Goals .............................................................................. 115
2. Using RPM ......................................................................................... 116
2.1. Finding RPM Packages ............................................................ 116
2.2. Installing .................................................................................. 117
2.3. Uninstalling .............................................................................. 118
2.4. Upgrading ................................................................................ 119
2.5. Freshening .............................................................................. 120
2.6. Querying .................................................................................. 120
2.7. Verifying .................................................................................. 121
3. Checking a Package's Signature .......................................................... 122
3.1. Importing Keys ......................................................................... 122
3.2. Verifying Signature of Packages ................................................ 123
4. Practical and Common Examples of RPM Usage .................................. 123
5. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 124
5.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 124
5.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 124
5.3. Related Books ......................................................................... 125
11. Package Management Tool ....................................................................... 126
1. Listing and Analyzing Packages ........................................................... 127
2. Installing and Removing Packages ....................................................... 128
12. Red Hat Network ....................................................................................... 133
III. Network-Related Configuration ........................................................................... 137
13. Network Interfaces .................................................................................... 138
1. Network Configuration Files ................................................................. 138
2. Interface Configuration Files ................................................................ 139
2.1. Ethernet Interfaces ................................................................... 139
2.2. IPsec Interfaces ....................................................................... 142
2.3. Channel Bonding Interfaces ...................................................... 143
2.4. Alias and Clone Files ................................................................ 144
2.5. Dialup Interfaces ...................................................................... 145
2.6. Other Interfaces ....................................................................... 146
3. Interface Control Scripts ...................................................................... 147
4. Network Function Files ........................................................................ 149
5. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 149
5.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 149
14. Network Configuration ............................................................................... 150
1. Overview ............................................................................................ 151
2. Establishing an Ethernet Connection .................................................... 152
3. Establishing an ISDN Connection ......................................................... 155
4. Establishing a Modem Connection ....................................................... 156
5. Establishing an xDSL Connection ........................................................ 158
6. Establishing a Token Ring Connection ................................................. 161
7. Establishing a Wireless Connection ...................................................... 164
8. Managing DNS Settings ...................................................................... 166
9. Managing Hosts .................................................................................. 168
10. Working with Profiles ......................................................................... 169
11. Device Aliases .................................................................................. 173
12. Saving and Restoring the Network Configuration ................................. 174
15. Controlling Access to Services ................................................................... 176
1. Runlevels ........................................................................................... 177
2. TCP Wrappers .................................................................................... 177
2.1. xinetd ...................................................................................... 178
3. Services Configuration Tool ................................................................. 178
4. ntsysv ................................................................................................ 180
5. chkconfig ............................................................................................ 182
6. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 182
6.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 183
6.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 183
16. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) ..................................................... 184
1. Introduction to DNS ............................................................................. 184
1.1. Nameserver Zones ................................................................... 184
1.2. Nameserver Types ................................................................... 185
1.3. BIND as a Nameserver ............................................................. 185
2. /etc/named.conf .................................................................................. 186
2.1. Common Statement Types ....................................................... 186
2.2. Other Statement Types ............................................................. 191
2.3. Comment Tags ........................................................................ 193
3. Zone Files .......................................................................................... 193
3.1. Zone File Directives .................................................................. 193
3.2. Zone File Resource Records ..................................................... 194
3.3. Example Zone File ................................................................... 197
3.4. Reverse Name Resolution Zone Files ........................................ 197
4. Using rndc .......................................................................................... 198
4.1. Configuring /etc/named.conf ..................................................... 198
4.2. Configuring /etc/rndc.conf ......................................................... 199
4.3. Command Line Options ............................................................ 199
5. Advanced Features of BIND ................................................................ 200
5.1. DNS Protocol Enhancements .................................................... 201
5.2. Multiple Views .......................................................................... 201
5.3. Security ................................................................................... 201
5.4. IP version 6 ............................................................................. 202
6. Common Mistakes to Avoid ................................................................. 202
7. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 202
7.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 202
7.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 203
7.3. Related Books ......................................................................... 204
17. OpenSSH ................................................................................................. 205
1. Features of SSH ................................................................................. 205
1.1. Why Use SSH? ........................................................................ 205
2. SSH Protocol Versions ........................................................................ 206
3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection ................................................ 206
3.1. Transport Layer ........................................................................ 207
3.2. Authentication .......................................................................... 208
3.3. Channels ................................................................................. 208
4. Configuring an OpenSSH Server .......................................................... 208
4.1. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections .................................... 209
5. OpenSSH Configuration Files .............................................................. 209
6. Configuring an OpenSSH Client ........................................................... 211
6.1. Using the ssh Command ........................................................... 211
6.2. Using the scp Command ........................................................... 212
6.3. Using the sftp Command .......................................................... 212
7. More Than a Secure Shell ................................................................... 213
7.1. X11 Forwarding ........................................................................ 213
7.2. Port Forwarding ....................................................................... 213
7.3. Generating Key Pairs ............................................................... 214
8. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 218
8.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 218
8.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 218
18. Network File System (NFS) ........................................................................ 219
1. How It Works ...................................................................................... 219
1.1. Required Services .................................................................... 220
2. NFS Client Configuration ..................................................................... 221
2.1. Mounting NFS File Systems using /etc/fstab .............................. 221
3. autofs ................................................................................................. 222
3.1. What's new in autofs version 5? ................................................ 222
3.2. autofs Configuration ................................................................. 223
3.3. autofs Common Tasks .............................................................. 225
4. Common NFS Mount Options .............................................................. 228
5. Starting and Stopping NFS .................................................................. 230
6. NFS Server Configuration .................................................................... 231
6.1. Exporting or Sharing NFS File Systems ..................................... 232
6.2. Command Line Configuration .................................................... 235
6.3. Hostname Formats ................................................................... 236
7. The /etc/exports Configuration File ....................................................... 236
7.1. The exportfs Command ............................................................ 238
8. Securing NFS ..................................................................................... 240
8.1. Host Access ............................................................................. 240
8.2. File Permissions ....................................................................... 242
9. NFS and portmap ................................................................................ 242
9.1. Troubleshooting NFS and portmap ............................................ 242
10. Using NFS over TCP ......................................................................... 243
11. Additional Resources ......................................................................... 244
11.1. Installed Documentation ......................................................... 244
11.2. Useful Websites ..................................................................... 244
11.3. Related Books ........................................................................ 245
19. Samba ..................................................................................................... 246
1. Introduction to Samba ......................................................................... 246
1.1. Samba Features ...................................................................... 246
2. Samba Daemons and Related Services ................................................ 247
2.1. Samba Daemons ..................................................................... 247
3. Connecting to a Samba Share ............................................................. 247
3.1. Command Line ........................................................................ 249
3.2. Mounting the Share .................................................................. 250
4. Configuring a Samba Server ................................................................ 250
4.1. Graphical Configuration ............................................................ 250
4.2. Command Line Configuration .................................................... 255
4.3. Encrypted Passwords ............................................................... 256
5. Starting and Stopping Samba .............................................................. 256
6. Samba Server Types and the smb.conf File .......................................... 257
6.1. Stand-alone Server .................................................................. 257
6.2. Domain Member Server ............................................................ 259
6.3. Domain Controller .................................................................... 261
7. Samba Security Modes ....................................................................... 263
7.1. User-Level Security .................................................................. 263
7.2. Share-Level Security ................................................................ 264
8. Samba Account Information Databases ................................................ 265
9. Samba Network Browsing .................................................................... 266
9.1. Domain Browsing ..................................................................... 266
9.2. WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server) ......................... 266
10. Samba with CUPS Printing Support .................................................... 267
10.1. Simple smb.conf Settings ........................................................ 267
11. Samba Distribution Programs ............................................................ 268
12. Additional Resources ......................................................................... 271
12.1. Installed Documentation ......................................................... 271
12.2. Related Books ........................................................................ 272
12.3. Useful Websites ..................................................................... 272
20. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) ............................................. 273
1. Why Use DHCP? ................................................................................ 273
2. Configuring a DHCP Server ................................................................. 273
2.1. Configuration File ..................................................................... 273
2.2. Lease Database ....................................................................... 277
2.3. Starting and Stopping the Server ............................................... 277
2.4. DHCP Relay Agent ................................................................... 278
3. Configuring a DHCP Client .................................................................. 279
4. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 280
4.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 280
21. Apache HTTP Server ................................................................................ 281
1. Apache HTTP Server 2.2 ..................................................................... 281
1.1. Features of Apache HTTP Server 2.2 ........................................ 281
2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server Configuration Files ............................... 282
2.1. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 2.0 Configuration Files ............... 282
2.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files to 2.0 ..... 282
3. Starting and Stopping httpd ................................................................. 293
4. Apache HTTP Server Configuration ..................................................... 294
4.1. Basic Settings .......................................................................... 295
4.2. Default Settings ........................................................................ 296
5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf ................................................... 308
5.1. General Configuration Tips ....................................................... 308
5.2. Configuration Directives for SSL ................................................ 319
5.3. MPM Specific Server-Pool Directives ......................................... 320
6. Adding Modules .................................................................................. 321
7. Virtual Hosts ....................................................................................... 322
7.1. Setting Up Virtual Hosts ............................................................ 322
8. Apache HTTP Secure Server Configuration .......................................... 323
8.1. An Overview of Security-Related Packages ............................... 323
8.2. An Overview of Certificates and Security ................................... 324
8.3. Using Pre-Existing Keys and Certificates ................................... 324
8.4. Types of Certificates ................................................................. 325
8.5. Generating a Key ..................................................................... 326
8.6. How to configure the server to use the new key .......................... 334
9. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 334
9.1. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 334
22. FTP .......................................................................................................... 336
1. The File Transport Protocol ................................................................. 336
1.1. Multiple Ports, Multiple Modes ................................................... 336
2. FTP Servers ....................................................................................... 337
2.1. vsftpd ...................................................................................... 337
3. Files Installed with vsftpd ..................................................................... 338
4. Starting and Stopping vsftpd ................................................................ 338
4.1. Starting Multiple Copies of vsftpd .............................................. 339
5. vsftpd Configuration Options ................................................................ 340
5.1. Daemon Options ...................................................................... 341
5.2. Log In Options and Access Controls .......................................... 341
5.3. Anonymous User Options ......................................................... 342
5.4. Local User Options ................................................................... 343
5.5. Directory Options ..................................................................... 344
5.6. File Transfer Options ................................................................ 345
5.7. Logging Options ....................................................................... 346
5.8. Network Options ...................................................................... 347
6. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 349
6.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 349
6.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 350
23. Email ........................................................................................................ 351
1. Email Protocols ................................................................................... 351
1.1. Mail Transport Protocols ........................................................... 351
1.2. Mail Access Protocols .............................................................. 352
2. Email Program Classifications .............................................................. 354
2.1. Mail Transport Agent ................................................................ 354
2.2. Mail Delivery Agent .................................................................. 354
2.3. Mail User Agent ....................................................................... 355
3. Mail Transport Agents ......................................................................... 355
3.1. Sendmail ................................................................................. 355
3.2. Postfix ..................................................................................... 359
3.3. Fetchmail ................................................................................. 361
4. Mail Transport Agent (MTA) Configuration ............................................ 365
5. Mail Delivery Agents ........................................................................... 366
5.1. Procmail Configuration ............................................................. 367
5.2. Procmail Recipes ..................................................................... 368
6. Mail User Agents ................................................................................ 373
6.1. Securing Communication .......................................................... 373
7. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 375
7.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 375
7.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 376
7.3. Related Books ......................................................................... 376
24. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) ............................................ 377
1. Why Use LDAP? ................................................................................. 377
1.1. OpenLDAP Features ................................................................ 377
2. LDAP Terminology .............................................................................. 378
3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities ........................................................ 379
3.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP .............................................................. 381
3.2. PHP4, LDAP, and the Apache HTTP Server .............................. 381
3.3. LDAP Client Applications .......................................................... 382
4. OpenLDAP Configuration Files ............................................................ 382
5. The /etc/openldap/schema/ Directory ................................................... 382
6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview ................................................................. 383
6.1. Editing /etc/openldap/slapd.conf ................................................ 384
7. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP ........................ 385
7.1. PAM and LDAP ........................................................................ 386
7.2. Migrating Old Authentication Information to LDAP Format ........... 386
8. Migrating Directories from Earlier Releases .......................................... 387
9. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 387
9.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 387
9.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 389
9.3. Related Books ......................................................................... 389
25. Authentication Configuration ...................................................................... 390
1. User Information ................................................................................. 390
2. Authentication ..................................................................................... 393
3. Options .............................................................................................. 395
4. Command Line Version ....................................................................... 397
IV. System Configuration ......................................................................................... 400
26. Console Access ........................................................................................ 401
1. Disabling Shutdown Via CtrlAltDel ........................................................ 401
2. Disabling Console Program Access ...................................................... 402
3. Defining the Console ........................................................................... 402
4. Making Files Accessible From the Console ........................................... 402
5. Enabling Console Access for Other Applications ................................... 403
6. The floppy Group ................................................................................ 404
27. The sysconfig Directory ............................................................................. 405
1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory ..................................................... 405
1.1. /etc/sysconfig/amd ................................................................... 405
1.2. /etc/sysconfig/apmd .................................................................. 405
1.3. /etc/sysconfig/arpwatch ............................................................ 405
1.4. /etc/sysconfig/authconfig ........................................................... 405
1.5. /etc/sysconfig/autofs ................................................................. 406
1.6. /etc/sysconfig/clock .................................................................. 406
1.7. /etc/sysconfig/desktop .............................................................. 407
1.8. /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd ................................................................. 408
1.9. /etc/sysconfig/exim ................................................................... 408
1.10. /etc/sysconfig/firstboot ............................................................ 408
1.11. /etc/sysconfig/gpm .................................................................. 408
1.12. /etc/sysconfig/hwconf .............................................................. 409
1.13. /etc/sysconfig/i18n .................................................................. 409
1.14. /etc/sysconfig/init .................................................................... 409
1.15. /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables-config ................................................. 410
1.16. /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config ................................................... 410
1.17. /etc/sysconfig/irda ................................................................... 410
1.18. /etc/sysconfig/keyboard .......................................................... 411
1.19. /etc/sysconfig/kudzu ............................................................... 411
1.20. /etc/sysconfig/named .............................................................. 412
1.21. /etc/sysconfig/netdump ........................................................... 412
1.22. /etc/sysconfig/network ............................................................ 412
1.23. /etc/sysconfig/ntpd .................................................................. 412
1.24. /etc/sysconfig/radvd ................................................................ 413
1.25. /etc/sysconfig/samba .............................................................. 413
1.26. /etc/sysconfig/selinux .............................................................. 413
1.27. /etc/sysconfig/sendmail ........................................................... 413
1.28. /etc/sysconfig/spamassassin ................................................... 414
1.29. /etc/sysconfig/squid ................................................................ 414
1.30. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-selinux ........................................ 414
1.31. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-users .......................................... 414
1.32. /etc/sysconfig/system-logviewer .............................................. 414
1.33. /etc/sysconfig/tux .................................................................... 414
1.34. /etc/sysconfig/vncservers ........................................................ 415
1.35. /etc/sysconfig/xinetd ............................................................... 415
2. Directories in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory ............................................. 415
3. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 416
3.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 416
28. Date and Time Configuration ..................................................................... 417
1. Time and Date Properties .................................................................... 417
2. Network Time Protocol (NTP) Properties .............................................. 418
3. Time Zone Configuration ..................................................................... 420
29. Keyboard Configuration ............................................................................. 422
30. The X Window System .............................................................................. 423
1. The X11R7.1 Release ......................................................................... 423
2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers ..................................... 424
2.1. Desktop Environments .............................................................. 424
2.2. Window Managers ................................................................... 425
3. X Server Configuration Files ................................................................ 426
3.1. xorg.conf ................................................................................. 426
4. Fonts .................................................................................................. 432
4.1. Fontconfig ................................................................................ 433
4.2. Core X Font System ................................................................. 434
5. Runlevels and X .................................................................................. 436
5.1. Runlevel 3 ............................................................................... 436
5.2. Runlevel 5 ............................................................................... 437
6. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 438
6.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 438
6.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 438
31. X Window System Configuration ................................................................ 439
1. Display Settings .................................................................................. 439
2. Display Hardware Settings ................................................................... 440
3. Dual Head Display Settings ................................................................. 441
32. Users and Groups ..................................................................................... 443
1. User and Group Configuration ............................................................. 443
1.1. Adding a New User .................................................................. 444
1.2. Modifying User Properties ......................................................... 446
1.3. Adding a New Group ................................................................ 447
1.4. Modifying Group Properties ....................................................... 448
2. User and Group Management Tools ..................................................... 449
2.1. Command Line Configuration .................................................... 449
2.2. Adding a User .......................................................................... 449
2.3. Adding a Group ........................................................................ 450
2.4. Password Aging ....................................................................... 451
2.5. Explaining the Process ............................................................. 453
3. Standard Users ................................................................................... 455
4. Standard Groups ................................................................................ 456
5. User Private Groups ............................................................................ 459
5.1. Group Directories ..................................................................... 459
6. Shadow Passwords ............................................................................. 460
7. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 460
7.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 460
33. Printer Configuration ................................................................................. 462
1. Adding a Local Printer ......................................................................... 463
2. Adding an IPP Printer .......................................................................... 464
3. Adding a Samba (SMB) Printer ............................................................ 465
4. Adding a JetDirect Printer .................................................................... 467
5. Selecting the Printer Model and Finishing ............................................. 468
5.1. Confirming Printer Configuration ............................................... 469
6. Printing a Test Page ............................................................................ 469
7. Modifying Existing Printers ................................................................... 469
7.1. The Settings Tab ...................................................................... 469
7.2. The Policies Tab ...................................................................... 470
7.3. The Access Control Tab ........................................................... 471
7.4. The Printer and Job OptionsTab ................................................ 472
8. Managing Print Jobs ........................................................................... 473
9. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 474
9.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 475
9.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 475
34. Automated Tasks ...................................................................................... 476
1. Cron ................................................................................................... 476
1.1. Configuring Cron Tasks ............................................................ 476
1.2. Controlling Access to Cron ........................................................ 478
1.3. Starting and Stopping the Service ............................................. 478
2. At and Batch ....................................................................................... 478
2.1. Configuring At Jobs .................................................................. 478
2.2. Configuring Batch Jobs ............................................................. 479
2.3. Viewing Pending Jobs .............................................................. 480
2.4. Additional Command Line Options ............................................. 480
2.5. Controlling Access to At and Batch ............................................ 480
2.6. Starting and Stopping the Service ............................................. 480
3. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 480
3.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 480
35. Log Files .................................................................................................. 482
1. Locating Log Files ............................................................................... 482
2. Viewing Log Files ................................................................................ 482
3. Adding a Log File ................................................................................ 484
4. Monitoring Log Files ............................................................................ 485
V. System Monitoring .............................................................................................. 489
36. SystemTap ............................................................................................... 490
1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 490
2. Implementation ................................................................................... 490
3. Using SystemTap ................................................................................ 491
3.1. Tracing .................................................................................... 491
37. Gathering System Information .................................................................... 493
1. System Processes .............................................................................. 493
2. Memory Usage ................................................................................... 495
3. File Systems ....................................................................................... 496
4. Hardware ........................................................................................... 497
5. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 500
5.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 500
38. OProfile .................................................................................................... 501
1. Overview of Tools ............................................................................... 501
2. Configuring OProfile ............................................................................ 502
2.1. Specifying the Kernel ................................................................ 502
2.2. Setting Events to Monitor .......................................................... 503
2.3. Separating Kernel and User-space Profiles ................................ 505
3. Starting and Stopping OProfile ............................................................. 506
4. Saving Data ........................................................................................ 507
5. Analyzing the Data .............................................................................. 507
5.1. Using opreport ......................................................................... 508
5.2. Using opreport on a Single Executable ...................................... 508
5.3. Getting more detailed output on the modules ............................. 509
5.4. Using opannotate ..................................................................... 510
6. Understanding /dev/oprofile/ ................................................................ 510
7. Example Usage .................................................................................. 511
8. Graphical Interface .............................................................................. 511
9. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 513
9.1. Installed Docs .......................................................................... 513
9.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 514
VI. Kernel and Driver Configuration .......................................................................... 515
39. Manually Upgrading the Kernel .................................................................. 516
1. Overview of Kernel Packages .............................................................. 516
2. Preparing to Upgrade .......................................................................... 517
3. Downloading the Upgraded Kernel ....................................................... 518
4. Performing the Upgrade ...................................................................... 519
5. Verifying the Initial RAM Disk Image ..................................................... 519
6. Verifying the Boot Loader .................................................................... 520
6.1. x86 Systems ............................................................................ 520
6.2. Itanium Systems ...................................................................... 520
6.3. IBM S/390 and IBM System z Systems ...................................... 521
6.4. IBM eServer iSeries Systems .................................................... 521
6.5. IBM eServer pSeries Systems ................................................... 522
40. General Parameters and Modules .............................................................. 523
1. Kernel Module Utilities ......................................................................... 523
2. Persistent Module Loading .................................................................. 525
3. Specifying Module Parameters ............................................................ 526
4. Storage parameters ............................................................................ 526
5. Ethernet Parameters ........................................................................... 532
5.1. Using Multiple Ethernet Cards ................................................... 539
5.2. The Channel Bonding Module ................................................... 539
6. Additional Resources .......................................................................... 542
6.1. Installed Documentation ........................................................... 542
6.2. Useful Websites ....................................................................... 542
VII. Security And Authentication ............................................................................... 544
41. Security Overview ..................................................................................... 545
1. Introduction to Security ........................................................................ 545
1.1. What is Computer Security? ...................................................... 545
1.2. Security Controls ...................................................................... 547
1.3. Conclusion ............................................................................... 548
2. Vulnerability Assessment ..................................................................... 548
2.1. Thinking Like the Enemy ........................................................... 549
2.2. Defining Assessment and Testing ............................................. 549
2.3. Evaluating the Tools ................................................................. 551
3. Attackers and Vulnerabilities ................................................................ 553
3.1. A Quick History of Hackers ....................................................... 553
3.2. Threats to Network Security ...................................................... 554
3.3. Threats to Server Security ........................................................ 555
3.4. Threats to Workstation and Home PC Security ........................... 557
4. Common Exploits and Attacks ............................................................. 558
5. Security Updates ................................................................................ 561
5.1. Updating Packages .................................................................. 561
42. Securing Your Network .............................................................................. 567
1. Workstation Security ........................................................................... 567
1.1. Evaluating Workstation Security ................................................ 567
1.2. BIOS and Boot Loader Security ................................................. 567
1.3. Password Security ................................................................... 569
1.4. Administrative Controls ............................................................. 575
1.5. Available Network Services ....................................................... 582
1.6. Personal Firewalls .................................................................... 586
1.7. Security Enhanced Communication Tools .................................. 586
2. Server Security ................................................................................... 587
2.1. Securing Services With TCP Wrappers and xinetd ..................... 587
2.2. Securing Portmap .................................................................... 591
2.3. Securing NIS ........................................................................... 592
2.4. Securing NFS .......................................................................... 594
2.5. Securing the Apache HTTP Server ............................................ 595
2.6. Securing FTP ........................................................................... 596
2.7. Securing Sendmail ................................................................... 599
2.8. Verifying Which Ports Are Listening ........................................... 600
3. Single Sign-on (SSO) .......................................................................... 601
3.1. Introduction .............................................................................. 601
3.2. Getting Started with your new Smart Card ................................. 603
3.3. How Smart Card Enrollment Works ........................................... 604
3.4. How Smart Card Login Works ................................................... 605
3.5. Configuring Firefox to use Kerberos for SSO .............................. 606
4. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) ............................................. 609
4.1. Advantages of PAM .................................................................. 609
4.2. PAM Configuration Files ........................................................... 609
4.3. PAM Configuration File Format ................................................. 609
4.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files ............................................... 612
4.5. Creating PAM Modules ............................................................. 614
4.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching .............................. 614 |
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