初始化和成员访问

一起看海

下面的示例展示了如何声明、初始化和使用原始指针。 它使用 new 初始化，以指向堆上分配的对象，必须显式删除 (delete) 该对象。 该示例还展示了与原始指针相关的一些危险。 （请记住，此示例是 C 风格的编程，而不是新式 C++！）

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class MyClass
{
public:
    int num;
    std::string name;
    void print() { std::cout << name << ":" << num << std::endl; }
};

// Accepts a MyClass pointer
void func_A(MyClass* mc)
{
    // Modify the object that mc points to.
    // All copies of the pointer will point to
    // the same modified object.
    mc->num = 3;
}

// Accepts a MyClass object
void func_B(MyClass mc)
{
    // mc here is a regular object, not a pointer.
    // Use the "." operator to access members.
    // This statement modifies only the local copy of mc.
    mc.num = 21;
    std::cout << "Local copy of mc:";
    mc.print(); // "Erika, 21"
}

int main()
{
    // Use the * operator to declare a pointer type
    // Use new to allocate and initialize memory
    MyClass* pmc = new MyClass{ 108, "Nick" };

    // Prints the memory address. Usually not what you want.
    std:: cout << pmc << std::endl;

    // Copy the pointed-to object by dereferencing the pointer
    // to access the contents of the memory location.
    // mc is a separate object, allocated here on the stack
    MyClass mc = *pmc;

    // Declare a pointer that points to mc using the addressof operator
    MyClass* pcopy = &mc;

    // Use the -> operator to access the object's public members
    pmc->print(); // "Nick, 108"

    // Copy the pointer. Now pmc and pmc2 point to same object!
    MyClass* pmc2 = pmc;

    // Use copied pointer to modify the original object
    pmc2->name = "Erika";
    pmc->print(); // "Erika, 108"
    pmc2->print(); // "Erika, 108"

    // Pass the pointer to a function.
    func_A(pmc);
    pmc->print(); // "Erika, 3"
    pmc2->print(); // "Erika, 3"

    // Dereference the pointer and pass a copy
    // of the pointed-to object to a function
    func_B(*pmc);
    pmc->print(); // "Erika, 3" (original not modified by function)

    delete(pmc); // don't forget to give memory back to operating system!
   // delete(pmc2); //crash! memory location was already deleted
}