Java 基础 - 反射

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反射
每个类都有一个 Class 对象，包含了与类有关的信息。当编译一个新类时，会产生一个同名的 .class 文件，该文件内容保存着 Class 对象。

类加载相当于 Class 对象的加载。类在第一次使用时才动态加载到 JVM 中，可以使用 Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver") 这种方式来控制类的加载，该方法会返回一个 Class 对象。

反射可以提供运行时的类信息，并且这个类可以在运行时才加载进来，甚至在编译时期该类的 .class 不存在也可以加载进来。

Class 和 java.lang.reflect 一起对反射提供了支持，java.lang.reflect 类库主要包含了以下三个类:

Field : 可以使用 get() 和 set() 方法读取和修改 Field 对象关联的字段；
Method : 可以使用 invoke() 方法调用与 Method 对象关联的方法；
Constructor : 可以用 Constructor 创建新的对象。

Advantages of Using Reflection:

Extensibility Features : An application may make use of external, user-defined classes by creating instances of extensibility objects using their fully-qualified names.
Class Browsers and Visual Development Environments : A class browser needs to be able to enumerate the members of classes. Visual development environments can benefit from making use of type information available in reflection to aid the developer in writing correct code.
Debuggers and Test Tools : Debuggers need to be able to examine private members on classes. Test harnesses can make use of reflection to systematically call a discoverable set APIs defined on a class, to insure a high level of code coverage in a test suite.

Drawbacks of Reflection:

Reflection is powerful, but should not be used indiscriminately. If it is possible to perform an operation without using reflection, then it is preferable to avoid using it. The following concerns should be kept in mind when accessing code via reflection.

Performance Overhead : Because reflection involves types that are dynamically resolved, certain Java virtual machine optimizations can not be performed. Consequently, reflective operations have slower performance than their non-reflective counterparts, and should be avoided in sections of code which are called frequently in performance-sensitive applications.
Security Restrictions : Reflection requires a runtime permission which may not be present when running under a security manager. This is in an important consideration for code which has to run in a restricted security context, such as in an Applet.
Exposure of Internals :Since reflection allows code to perform operations that would be illegal in non-reflective code, such as accessing private fields and methods, the use of reflection can result in unexpected side-effects, which may render code dysfunctional and may destroy portability. Reflective code breaks abstractions and therefore may change behavior with upgrades of the platform.
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