C语言库函数---unix常用系统调用---使用说明(zt)

kj501

原文出处：http://chinaunix.net/forum/viewtopic.php?t=72159
已经按字母顺序排列，使用时依次查找即可
【说明】
一共分为3个小节，1小节给定一个连接，该连接给了一些常用标准c的函数使用说明，但是不够全面。2小结按字母顺序排列，几乎覆盖了c中常用的函数，同时有些函数不在unix系统中支持了。3小节描述了unix系统中常用系统调用的使用说明。


1、【下面这个连接给出了一些c库的函数说明使用例程，但是不够全面，可以作为参考】
http://www.ggv.com.cn/forum/clib/clib.html

2、【如下对C语言库函数按字母顺序描述,如果上面连接中找不到，可以到这里查找到，需要说明的是，有些函数在新的libc中已经不提供了，如果要查找unix系统常用系统调用函数使用说明，请到小节3查找】

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函数名: abort
功 能: 异常终止一个进程
用 法: void abort(void);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void)
{
printf("Calling abort()\n");
abort();
return 0; /* This is never reached */
}



函数名: abs
功 能: 求整数的绝对值
用 法: int abs(int i);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
int number = -1234;

printf("number: %d absolute value: %d\n", number, abs(number));
return 0;
}



函数名: absread, abswirte
功 能: 绝对磁盘扇区读、写数据
用 法: int absread(int drive, int nsects, int sectno, void *buffer);
int abswrite(int drive, int nsects, in tsectno, void *buffer);
程序例:
/* absread example */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
int i, strt, ch_out, sector;
char buf[512];

printf("Insert a diskette into drive A and press any key\n");
getch();
sector = 0;
if (absread(0, 1, sector, &buf) != 0)
{
perror("Disk problem");
exit(1);
}
printf("Read OK\n");
strt = 3;
for (i=0; i<80; i++)
{
ch_out = buf[strt+i];
putchar(ch_out);
}
printf("\n");
return(0);
}




函数名: access
功 能: 确定文件的访问权限
用 法: int access(const char *filename, int amode);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

int file_exists(char *filename);

int main(void)
{
printf("Does NOTEXIST.FIL exist: %s\n",
file_exists("NOTEXISTS.FIL") ? "YES" : "NO");
return 0;
}

int file_exists(char *filename)
{
return (access(filename, 0) == 0);
}


函数名: acos
功 能: 反余弦函数
用 法: double acos(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;

result = acos(x);
printf("The arc cosine of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return 0;
}



函数名: allocmem
功 能: 分配DOS存储段
用 法: int allocmem(unsigned size, unsigned *seg);
程序例:
#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat;

size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat == -1)
printf("Allocated memory at segment: %x\n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of paragraphs available is %u\n",
stat);

return 0;
}



函数名: arc
功 能: 画一弧线
用 法: void far arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 135;
int radius = 100;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult(); /* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();

exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw arc */
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, radius);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: asctime
功 能: 转换日期和时间为ASCII码
用 法: char *asctime(const struct tm *tblock);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(void)
{
struct tm t;
char str[80];

/* sample loading of tm structure */

t.tm_sec = 1; /* Seconds */
t.tm_min = 30; /* Minutes */
t.tm_hour = 9; /* Hour */
t.tm_mday = 22; /* Day of the Month */
t.tm_mon = 11; /* Month */
t.tm_year = 56; /* Year - does not include century */
t.tm_wday = 4; /* Day of the week */
t.tm_yday = 0; /* Does not show in asctime */
t.tm_isdst = 0; /* Is Daylight SavTime; does not show in asctime */

/* converts structure to null terminated
string */

strcpy(str, asctime(&t));
printf("%s\n", str);

return 0;
}




函数名: asin
功 能: 反正弦函数
用 法: double asin(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;

result = asin(x);
printf("The arc sin of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return(0);
}




函数名: assert
功 能: 测试一个条件并可能使程序终止
用 法: void assert(int test);
程序例:
#include <assert.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

struct ITEM {
int key;
int value;
};

/* add item to list, make sure list is not null */
void additem(struct ITEM *itemptr) {
assert(itemptr != NULL);
/* add item to list */
}

int main(void)
{
additem(NULL);
return 0;
}




函数名: atan
功 能: 反正切函数
用 法: double atan(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;

result = atan(x);
printf("The arc tangent of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return(0);
}



函数名: atan2
功 能: 计算Y/X的反正切值
用 法: double atan2(double y, double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 90.0, y = 45.0;

result = atan2(y, x);
printf("The arc tangent ratio of %lf is %lf\n", (y / x), result);
return 0;
}



函数名: atexit
功 能: 注册终止函数
用 法: int atexit(atexit_t func);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

void exit_fn1(void)
{
printf("Exit function #1 called\n");
}

void exit_fn2(void)
{
printf("Exit function #2 called\n");
}

int main(void)
{
/* post exit function #1 */
atexit(exit_fn1);
/* post exit function #2 */
atexit(exit_fn2);
return 0;
}




函数名: atof
功 能: 把字符串转换成浮点数
用 法: double atof(const char *nptr);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
float f;
char *str = "12345.67";

f = atof(str);
printf("string = %s float = %f\n", str, f);
return 0;
}



函数名: atoi
功 能: 把字符串转换成长整型数
用 法: int atoi(const char *nptr);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int n;
char *str = "12345.67";

n = atoi(str);
printf("string = %s integer = %d\n", str, n);
return 0;
}



函数名: atol
功 能: 把字符串转换成长整型数
用 法: long atol(const char *nptr);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
long l;
char *str = "98765432";

l = atol(lstr);
printf("string = %s integer = %ld\n", str, l);
return(0);
}
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kj501

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函数名: bar
功 能: 画一个二维条形图
用 法: void far bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:
#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=SOLID_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the bar */
bar(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50,
midy+50);

getch();
}

/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: bar3d
功 能: 画一个三维条形图
用 法: void far bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
int depth, int topflag);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, i;

/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set the fill style */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw the 3-d bar */
bar3d(midx-50, midy-50, midx+50, midy+50, 10, 1);

getch();
}

/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: bdos
功 能: DOS系统调用
用 法: int bdos(int dosfun, unsigned dosdx, unsigned dosal);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

/* Get current drive as 'A', 'B', ... */
char current_drive(void)
{
char curdrive;

/* Get current disk as 0, 1, ... */
curdrive = bdos(0x19, 0, 0);
return('A' + curdrive);
}

int main(void)
{
printf("The current drive is %c:\n", current_drive());
return 0;
}




函数名: bdosptr
功 能: DOS系统调用
用 法: int bdosptr(int dosfun, void *argument, unsigned dosal);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define BUFLEN 80

int main(void)
{
char buffer[BUFLEN];
int test;

printf("Enter full pathname of a directory\n");
gets(buffer);

test = bdosptr(0x3B,buffer,0);
if(test)
{
printf("DOS error message: %d\n", errno);
/* See errno.h for error listings */
exit (1);
}

getcwd(buffer, BUFLEN);
printf("The current directory is: %s\n", buffer);

return 0;
}




函数名: bioscom
功 能: 串行I/O通信
用 法: int bioscom(int cmd, char abyte, int port);
程序例:

#include <bios.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define COM1 0
#define DATA_READY 0x100
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0

#define SETTINGS ( 0x80 | 0x02 | 0x00 | 0x00)

int main(void)
{
int in, out, status, DONE = FALSE;

bioscom(0, SETTINGS, COM1);
cprintf("... BIOSCOM [ESC] to exit ...\n");
while (!DONE)
{
status = bioscom(3, 0, COM1);
if (status & DATA_READY)
if ((out = bioscom(2, 0, COM1) & 0x7F) != 0)
putch(out);
if (kbhit())
{
if ((in = getch()) == '\x1B')
DONE = TRUE;
bioscom(1, in, COM1);
}
}
return 0;
}




函数名: biosdisk
功 能: 软硬盘I/O
用 法: int biosdisk(int cmd, int drive, int head, int track, int sector
int nsects, void *buffer);
程序例:

#include <bios.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int result;
char buffer[512];

printf("Testing to see if drive a: is ready\n");
result = biosdisk(4,0,0,0,0,1,buffer);
result &= 0x02;
(result) ? (printf("Drive A: Ready\n")) :
(printf("Drive A: Not Ready\n"));

return 0;
}




函数名: biosequip
功 能: 检查设备
用 法: int biosequip(void);
程序例:

#include <bios.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int result;
char buffer[512];

printf("Testing to see if drive a: is ready\n");
result = biosdisk(4,0,0,0,0,1,buffer);
result &= 0x02;
(result) ? (printf("Drive A: Ready\n")) :
(printf("Drive A: Not Ready\n"));

return 0;
}




函数名: bioskey
功 能: 直接使用BIOS服务的键盘接口
用 法: int bioskey(int cmd);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>
#include <ctype.h>

#define RIGHT 0x01
#define LEFT 0x02
#define CTRL 0x04
#define ALT 0x08

int main(void)
{
int key, modifiers;

/* function 1 returns 0 until a key is pressed */
while (bioskey(1) == 0);

/* function 0 returns the key that is waiting */
key = bioskey(0);

/* use function 2 to determine if shift keys were used */
modifiers = bioskey(2);
if (modifiers)
{
printf("[");
if (modifiers & RIGHT) printf("RIGHT");
if (modifiers & LEFT) printf("LEFT");
if (modifiers & CTRL) printf("CTRL");
if (modifiers & ALT) printf("ALT");
printf("]");
}
/* print out the character read */
if (isalnum(key & 0xFF))
printf("'%c'\n", key);
else
printf("%#02x\n", key);
return 0;
}



函数名: biosmemory
功 能: 返回存储块大小
用 法:int biosmemory(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>

int main(void)
{
int memory_size;

memory_size = biosmemory(); /* returns value up to 640K */
printf("RAM size = %dK\n",memory_size);
return 0;
}




函数名: biosprint
功 能: 直接使用BIOS服务的打印机I/O
用 法: int biosprint(int cmd, int byte, int port);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <bios.h>

int main(void)
{
#define STATUS 2 /* printer status command */
#define PORTNUM 0 /* port number for LPT1 */

int status, abyte=0;

printf("lease turn off your printer. Press any key to continue\n");
getch();
status = biosprint(STATUS, abyte, PORTNUM);
if (status & 0x01)
printf("Device time out.\n");
if (status & 0x08)
printf("I/O error.\n");

if (status & 0x10)
printf("Selected.\n");
if (status & 0x20)
printf("Out of paper.\n");

if (status & 0x40)
printf("Acknowledge.\n");
if (status & 0x80)
printf("Not busy.\n");

return 0;
}




函数名: biostime
功 能: 读取或设置BIOS时间
用 法: long biostime(int cmd, long newtime);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <bios.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
long bios_time;

clrscr();
cprintf("The number of clock ticks since midnight is:\r\n");
cprintf("The number of seconds since midnight is:\r\n");
cprintf("The number of minutes since midnight is:\r\n");
cprintf("The number of hours since midnight is:\r\n");
cprintf("\r\nPress any key to quit:");
while(!kbhit())
{
bios_time = biostime(0, 0L);

gotoxy(50, 1);
cprintf("%lu", bios_time);

gotoxy(50, 2);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK);

gotoxy(50, 3);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK / 60);

gotoxy(50, 4);
cprintf("%.4f", bios_time / CLK_TCK / 3600);
}
return 0;
}




函数名: brk
功 能: 改变数据段空间分配
用 法: int brk(void *endds);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
char *ptr;

printf("Changing allocation with brk()\n");
ptr = malloc(1);
printf("Before brk() call: %lu bytes free\n", coreleft());
brk(ptr+1000);
printf(" After brk() call: %lu bytes free\n", coreleft());
return 0;
}




函数名: bsearch
功 能: 二分法搜索
用 法: void *bsearch(const void *key, const void *base, size_t *nelem,
size_t width, int(*fcmp)(const void *, const *));
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define NELEMS(arr) (sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]))

int numarray[] = {123, 145, 512, 627, 800, 933};

int numeric (const int *p1, const int *p2)
{
return(*p1 - *p2);
}

int lookup(int key)
{
int *itemptr;

/* The cast of (int(*)(const void *,const void*))
is needed to avoid a type mismatch error at
compile time */
itemptr = bsearch (&key, numarray, NELEMS(numarray),
sizeof(int), (int(*)(const void *,const void *))numeric);
return (itemptr != NULL);
}

int main(void)
{
if (lookup(512))
printf("512 is in the table.\n");
else
printf("512 isn't in the table.\n");

return 0;
}
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kj501

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函数名: cabs
功 能: 计算复数的绝对值
用 法: double cabs(struct complex z);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
struct complex z;
double val;

z.x = 2.0;
z.y = 1.0;
val = cabs(z);

printf("The absolute value of %.2lfi %.2lfj is %.2lf", z.x, z.y, val);
return 0;
}




函数名: calloc
功 能: 分配主存储器
用 法: void *calloc(size_t nelem, size_t elsize);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
char *str = NULL;

/* allocate memory for string */
str = calloc(10, sizeof(char));

/* copy "Hello" into string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");

/* display string */
printf("String is %s\n", str);

/* free memory */
free(str);

return 0;
}




函数名: ceil
功 能: 向上舍入
用 法: double ceil(double x);
程序例:

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
double number = 123.54;
double down, up;

down = floor(number);
up = ceil(number);

printf("original number %5.2lf\n", number);
printf("number rounded down %5.2lf\n", down);
printf("number rounded up %5.2lf\n", up);

return 0;
}




函数名: cgets
功 能: 从控制台读字符串
用 法: char *cgets(char *str);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char buffer[83];
char *p;

/* There's space for 80 characters plus the NULL terminator */
buffer[0] = 81;

printf("Input some chars:");
p = cgets(buffer);
printf("\ncgets read %d characters: \"%s\"\n", buffer[1], p);
printf("The returned pointer is %p, buffer[0] is at %p\n", p, &buffer);

/* Leave room for 5 characters plus the NULL terminator */
buffer[0] = 6;

printf("Input some chars:");
p = cgets(buffer);
printf("\ncgets read %d characters: \"%s\"\n", buffer[1], p);
printf("The returned pointer is %p, buffer[0] is at %p\n", p, &buffer);
return 0;
}




函数名: chdir
功 能: 改变工作目录
用 法: int chdir(const char *path);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dir.h>

char old_dir[MAXDIR];
char new_dir[MAXDIR];

int main(void)
{
if (getcurdir(0, old_dir))
{
perror("getcurdir()");
exit(1);
}
printf("Current directory is: \\%s\n", old_dir);

if (chdir("\\"))
{
perror("chdir()");
exit(1);
}

if (getcurdir(0, new_dir))
{
perror("getcurdir()");
exit(1);
}
printf("Current directory is now: \\%s\n", new_dir);

printf("\nChanging back to orignal directory: \\%s\n", old_dir);
if (chdir(old_dir))
{
perror("chdir()");
exit(1);
}

return 0;
}



函数名: _chmod, chmod
功 能: 改变文件的访问方式
用 法: int chmod(const char *filename, int permiss);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

void make_read_only(char *filename);

int main(void)
{
make_read_only("NOTEXIST.FIL");
make_read_only("MYFILE.FIL");
return 0;
}

void make_read_only(char *filename)
{
int stat;

stat = chmod(filename, S_IREAD);
if (stat)
printf("Couldn't make %s read-only\n", filename);
else
printf("Made %s read-only\n", filename);
}




函数名: chsize
功 能: 改变文件大小
用 法: int chsize(int handle, long size);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* create text file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT);
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));

/* truncate the file to 5 bytes in size */
chsize(handle, 5);

/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}



函数名: circle
功 能: 在给定半径以(x, y)为圆心画圆
用 法: void far circle(int x, int y, int radius);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int radius = 100;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw the circle */
circle(midx, midy, radius);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: cleardevice
功 能: 清除图形屏幕
用 法: void far cleardevice(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering screen messages */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* output a message to the screen */
outtextxy(midx, midy, "press any key to clear the screen:");

/* wait for a key */
getch();

/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();

/* output another message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, "press any key to quit:");

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: clearerr
功 能: 复位错误标志
用 法:void clearerr(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char ch;

/* open a file for writing */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");

/* force an error condition by attempting to read */
ch = fgetc(fp);
printf("%c\n",ch);

if (ferror(fp))
{
/* display an error message */
printf("Error reading from DUMMY.FIL\n");

/* reset the error and EOF indicators */
clearerr(fp);
}

fclose(fp);
return 0;
}




函数名: clearviewport
功 能: 清除图形视区
用 法: void far clearviewport(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define CLIP_ON 1 /* activates clipping in viewport */

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int ht;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

setcolor(getmaxcolor());
ht = textheight("W");

/* message in default full-screen viewport */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in default viewport");

/* create a smaller viewport */
setviewport(50, 50, getmaxx()-50, getmaxy()-50, CLIP_ON);

/* display some messages */
outtextxy(0, 0, "* <-- (0, 0) in smaller viewport");
outtextxy(0, 2*ht, "ress any key to clear viewport:");

/* wait for a key */
getch();

/* clear the viewport */
clearviewport();

/* output another message */
outtextxy(0, 0, "ress any key to quit:");

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: _close, close
功 能: 关闭文件句柄
用 法: int close(int handle);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

main()
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("NEW.FIL", O_CREAT);
if (handle > -1)
{
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));

/* close the file */
close(handle);
}
else
{
printf("Error opening file\n");
}
return 0;
}




函数名: clock
功 能: 确定处理器时间
用 法: clock_t clock(void);
程序例:

#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
clock_t start, end;
start = clock();

delay(2000);

end = clock();
printf("The time was: %f\n", (end - start) / CLK_TCK);

return 0;
}




函数名: closegraph
功 能: 关闭图形系统
用 法: void far closegraph(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int x, y;

/* initialize graphics mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error
occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

x = getmaxx() / 2;
y = getmaxy() / 2;

/* output a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(x, y, "ress a key to close the graphics system:");

/* wait for a key */
getch();

/* closes down the graphics system */
closegraph();

printf("We're now back in text mode.\n");
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
return 0;
}




函数名: clreol
功 能: 在文本窗口中清除字符到行末
用 法: void clreol(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)

{
clrscr();
cprintf("The function CLREOL clears all characters from the\r\n");
cprintf("cursor position to the end of the line within the\r\n");
cprintf("current text window, without moving the cursor.\r\n");
cprintf("ress any key to continue . . .");
gotoxy(14, 4);
getch();

clreol();
getch();

return 0;
}




函数名: clrscr
功 能: 清除文本模式窗口
用 法: void clrscr(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i;

clrscr();
for (i = 0; i < 20; i++)
cprintf("%d\r\n", i);
cprintf("\r\nPress any key to clear screen");
getch();

clrscr();
cprintf("The screen has been cleared!");
getch();

return 0;
}




函数名: coreleft
功 能: 返回未使用内存的大小
用 法: unsigned coreleft(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
printf("The difference between the highest allocated block and\n");
printf("the top of the heap is: %lu bytes\n", (unsigned long) coreleft());

return 0;
}


函数名: cos
功 能: 余弦函数
用 法: double cos(double x);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;

result = cos(x);
printf("The cosine of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return 0;
}




函数名: cosh
功 能: 双曲余弦函数
用 法: dluble cosh(double x);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 0.5;

result = cosh(x);
printf("The hyperboic cosine of %lf is %lf\n", x, result);
return 0;
}




函数名: country
功 能: 返回与国家有关的信息
用 法: struct COUNTRY *country(int countrycode, struct country *country);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

#define USA 0

int main(void)
{
struct COUNTRY country_info;

country(USA, &country_info);
printf("The currency symbol for the USA is: %s\n",
country_info.co_curr);
return 0;
}




函数名: cprintf
功 能: 送格式化输出至屏幕
用 法: int cprintf(const char *format[, argument, ...]);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* clear the screen */
clrscr();

/* create a text window */
window(10, 10, 80, 25);

/* output some text in the window */
cprintf("Hello world\r\n");

/* wait for a key */
getch();
return 0;
}




函数名: cputs
功 能: 写字符到屏幕
用 法: void cputs(const char *string);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* clear the screen */
clrscr();

/* create a text window */
window(10, 10, 80, 25);

/* output some text in the window */
cputs("This is within the window\r\n");

/* wait for a key */
getch();
return 0;
}




函数名: _creat creat
功 能: 创建一个新文件或重写一个已存在的文件
用 法: int creat (const char *filename, int permiss);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* change the default file mode from text to binary */
_fmode = O_BINARY;

/* create a binary file for reading and writing */
handle = creat("DUMMY.FIL", S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);

/* write 10 bytes to the file */
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));

/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}


函数名: creatnew
功 能: 创建一个新文件
用 法: int creatnew(const char *filename, int attrib);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* attempt to create a file that doesn't already exist */
handle = creatnew("DUMMY.FIL", 0);

if (handle == -1)
printf("DUMMY.FIL already exists.\n");
else
{
printf("DUMMY.FIL successfully created.\n");
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));
close(handle);
}
return 0;
}




函数名: creattemp
功 能: 创建一个新文件或重写一个已存在的文件
用 法: int creattemp(const char *filename, int attrib);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char pathname[128];

strcpy(pathname, "\\");

/* create a unique file in the root directory */
handle = creattemp(pathname, 0);

printf("%s was the unique file created.\n", pathname);
close(handle);
return 0;
}




函数名: cscanf
功 能: 从控制台执行格式化输入
用 法: int cscanf(char *format[,argument, ...]);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char string[80];

/* clear the screen */
clrscr();

/* Prompt the user for input */
cprintf("Enter a string with no spaces:");

/* read the input */
cscanf("%s", string);

/* display what was read */
cprintf("\r\nThe string entered is: %s", string);
return 0;
}




函数名: ctime
功 能: 把日期和时间转换为字符串
用 法: char *ctime(const time_t *time);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(void)
{
time_t t;

time(&t);
printf("Today's date and time: %s\n", ctime(&t));
return 0;
}




函数名: ctrlbrk
功 能: 设置Ctrl-Break处理程序
用 法: void ctrlbrk(*fptr)(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define ABORT 0

int c_break(void)
{
printf("Control-Break pressed. Program aborting ...\n");
return (ABORT);
}

int main(void)
{
ctrlbrk(c_break);
for(;;)
{
printf("Looping... Press <Ctrl-Break> to quit:\n");
}
return 0;
}
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: delay
功 能: 将程序的执行暂停一段时间(毫秒)
用 法: void delay(unsigned milliseconds);
程序例:
/* Emits a 440-Hz tone for 500 milliseconds */
#include <dos.h>
int main(void)
{
sound(440);
delay(500);
nosound();

return 0;
}



函数名: delline
功 能: 在文本窗口中删去一行
用 法: void delline(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
clrscr();
cprintf("The function DELLINE deletes \
the line containing the\r\n");
cprintf("cursor and moves all lines \
below it one line up.\r\n");
cprintf("DELLINE operates within the \
currently active text\r\n");
cprintf("window. Press any key to \
continue . . .");
gotoxy(1,2); /* Move the cursor to the
second line and first column */
getch();

delline();
getch();

return 0;
}


函数名: detectgraph
功 能: 通过检测硬件确定图形驱动程序和模式
用 法: void far detectgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* names of the various cards supported */
char *dname[] = { "requests detection",
"a CGA",
"an MCGA",
"an EGA",
"a 64K EGA",
"a monochrome EGA",
"an IBM 8514",
"a Hercules monochrome",
"an AT&T 6300 PC",
"a VGA",
"an IBM 3270 PC"
};

int main(void)
{
/* returns detected hardware info. */
int gdriver, gmode, errorcode;

/* detect graphics hardware available */
detectgraph(&gdriver, &gmode);

/* read result of detectgraph call */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error
occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", \
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error
code */
}

/* display the information detected */
clrscr();
printf("You have %s video display \
card.\n", dname[gdriver]);
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
return 0;
}




函数名: difftime
功 能: 计算两个时刻之间的时间差
用 法: double difftime(time_t time2, time_t time1);
程序例:

#include <time.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
time_t first, second;

clrscr();
first = time(NULL); /* Gets system
time */
delay(2000); /* Waits 2 secs */
second = time(NULL); /* Gets system time
again */

printf("The difference is: %f \
seconds\n",difftime(second,first));
getch();

return 0;
}



函数名: disable
功 能: 屏蔽中断
用 法: void disable(void);
程序例:

/***NOTE: This is an interrupt service
routine. You cannot compile this program
with Test Stack Overflow turned on and
get an executable file that operates
correctly. */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define INTR 0X1C /* The clock tick
interrupt */

void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);

int count=0;

void interrupt handler(void)
{
/* disable interrupts during the handling of
the interrupt */
disable();
/* increase the global counter */
count++;
/* reenable interrupts at the end of the
handler */
enable();
/* call the old routine */
oldhandler();
}

int main(void)
{
/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);

/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);

/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */
while (count < 20)
printf("count is %d\n",count);

/* reset the old interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, oldhandler);

return 0;
}

函数名: div
功 能: 将两个整数相除, 返回商和余数
用 法: div_t (int number, int denom);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

div_t x;

int main(void)
{
x = div(10,3);
printf("10 div 3 = %d remainder %d\n", x.quot, x.rem);

return 0;
}



函数名: dosexterr
功 能: 获取扩展DOS错误信息
用 法: int dosexterr(struct DOSERR *dblkp);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
struct DOSERROR info;

fp = fopen("perror.dat","r");
if (!fp) perror("Unable to open file for
reading");
dosexterr(&info);

printf("Extended DOS error \
information:\n");
printf(" Extended error: \
%d\n",info.exterror);
printf(" Class: \
%x\n",info.class);
printf(" Action: \
%x\n",info.action);
printf(" Error Locus: \
%x\n",info.locus);

return 0;
}



函数名: dostounix
功 能: 转换日期和时间为UNIX时间格式
用 法: long dostounix(struct date *dateptr, struct time *timeptr);
程序例:

#include <time.h>
#include <stddef.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
time_t t;
struct time d_time;
struct date d_date;
struct tm *local;

getdate(&d_date);
gettime(&d_time);

t = dostounix(&d_date, &d_time);
local = localtime(&t);
printf("Time and Date: %s\n", \
asctime(local));

return 0;
}



函数名: drawpoly
功 能: 画多边形
用 法: void far drawpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;

/* our polygon array */
int poly[10];

/* initialize graphics and local
variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", \
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();

poly[0] = 20; /* 1st vertext */
poly[1] = maxy / 2;

poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* 2nd */
poly[3] = 20;

poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* 3rd */
poly[5] = maxy - 20;

poly[6] = maxx / 2; /* 4th */
poly[7] = maxy / 2;
/*
drawpoly doesn't automatically close
the polygon, so we close it.
*/
poly[8] = poly[0];
poly[9] = poly[1];

/* draw the polygon */
drawpoly(5, poly);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: dup
功 能: 复制一个文件句柄
用 法: int dup(int handle);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <io.h>

void flush(FILE *stream);

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char msg[] = "This is a test";

/* create a file */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");

/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg), 1, fp);

clrscr();
printf("ress any key to flush \
DUMMY.FIL:");
getch();

/* flush the data to DUMMY.FIL without
closing it */
flush(fp);

printf("\nFile was flushed, Press any \
key to quit:");
getch();
return 0;
}

void flush(FILE *stream)
{
int duphandle;

/* flush TC's internal buffer */
fflush(stream);

/* make a duplicate file handle */
duphandle = dup(fileno(stream));

/* close the duplicate handle to flush the
DOS buffer */
close(duphandle);
}



函数名: dup2
功 能: 复制文件句柄
用 法: int dup2(int oldhandle, int newhandle);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
#define STDOUT 1

int nul, oldstdout;
char msg[] = "This is a test";

/* create a file */
nul = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT | O_RDWR,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);

/* create a duplicate handle for standard
output */
oldstdout = dup(STDOUT);
/*
redirect standard output to DUMMY.FIL
by duplicating the file handle onto the
file handle for standard output.
*/
dup2(nul, STDOUT);

/* close the handle for DUMMY.FIL */
close(nul);

/* will be redirected into DUMMY.FIL */
write(STDOUT, msg, strlen(msg));

/* restore original standard output
handle */
dup2(oldstdout, STDOUT);

/* close duplicate handle for STDOUT */
close(oldstdout);

return 0;
}
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: ecvt
功 能: 把一个浮点数转换为字符串
用 法: char ecvt(double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char *string;
double value;
int dec, sign;
int ndig = 10;

clrscr();
value = 9.876;
string = ecvt(value, ndig, &dec, &sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d \
sign = %d\n", string, dec, sign);

value = -123.45;
ndig= 15;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d sign = %d\n",
string, dec, sign);


value = 0.6789e5; /* scientific
notation */
ndig = 5;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d\
sign = %d\n", string, dec, sign);

return 0;
}



函数名: ellipse
功 能: 画一椭圆
用 法: void far ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle,
int xradius, int yradius);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 0, endangle = 360;
int xradius = 100, yradius = 50;

/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* draw ellipse */
ellipse(midx, midy, stangle, endangle,
xradius, yradius);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: enable
功 能: 开放硬件中断
用 法: void enable(void);
程序例:

/* ** NOTE:
This is an interrupt service routine. You can NOT compile this program
with Test Stack Overflow turned on and get an executable file which will
operate correctly.
*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* The clock tick interrupt */
#define INTR 0X1C

void interrupt ( *oldhandler)(void);

int count=0;

void interrupt handler(void)
{
/*
disable interrupts during the handling of the interrupt
*/
disable();
/* increase the global counter */
count++;
/*
re enable interrupts at the end of the handler
*/
enable();
/* call the old routine */
oldhandler();
}

int main(void)
{
/* save the old interrupt vector */
oldhandler = getvect(INTR);

/* install the new interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, handler);

/* loop until the counter exceeds 20 */
while (count < 20)
printf("count is %d\n",count);

/* reset the old interrupt handler */
setvect(INTR, oldhandler);

return 0;
}



函数名: eof
功 能: 检测文件结束
用 法: int eof(int *handle);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char msg[] = "This is a test";
char ch;

/* create a file */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL",
O_CREAT | O_RDWR,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);

/* write some data to the file */
write(handle, msg, strlen(msg));

/* seek to the beginning of the file */
lseek(handle, 0L, SEEK_SET);

/*
reads chars from the file until hit EOF
*/
do
{
read(handle, &ch, 1);
printf("%c", ch);
} while (!eof(handle));

close(handle);
return 0;
}



函数名: exec...
功 能: 装入并运行其它程序的函数
用 法: int execl(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., argn, NULL);
int execle(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., argn, NULL,
char *envp[]);
int execlp(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, .., NULL);
int execple(char *pathname, char *arg0, arg1, ..., NULL,
char *envp[]);
int execv(char *pathname, char *argv[]);
int execve(char *pathname, char *argv[], char *envp[]);
int execvp(char *pathname, char *argv[]);
int execvpe(char *pathname, char *argv[], char *envp[]);
程序例:

/* execv example */
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>

void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int i;

printf("Command line arguments:\n");
for (i=0; i<argc; i++)
printf("[%2d] : %s\n", i, argv);

printf("About to exec child with arg1 arg2 ...\n");
execv("CHILD.EXE", argv);

perror("exec error");

exit(1);
}



函数名: exit
功 能: 终止程序
用 法: void exit(int status);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int status;

printf("Enter either 1 or 2\n");
status = getch();
/* Sets DOS errorlevel */
exit(status - '0');

/* Note: this line is never reached */
return 0;
}



函数名: exp
功 能: 指数函数
用 法: double exp(double x);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double result;
double x = 4.0;

result = exp(x);
printf("'e' raised to the power \
of %lf (e ^ %lf) = %lf\n",
x, x, result);

return 0;
}
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kj501

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函数名: fabs
功 能: 返回浮点数的绝对值
用 法: double fabs(double x);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
float number = -1234.0;

printf("number: %f absolute value: %f\n",
number, fabs(number));
return 0;
}




函数名: farcalloc
功 能: 从远堆栈中申请空间
用 法: void far *farcalloc(unsigned long units, unsigned ling unitsz);
程序例:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";

/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farcalloc(10, sizeof(char));

/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because you
might be in a small data model, in
which case a normal string copy routine
can not be used since it assumes the
pointer size is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));

/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs\n", fptr);

/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);

return 0;
}




函数名: farcoreleft
功 能: 返回远堆中未作用存储区大小
用 法: long farcoreleft(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
printf("The difference between the\
highest allocated block in the\
far\n");
printf("heap and the top of the far heap\
is: %lu bytes\n", farcoreleft());

return 0;
}




函数名: farfree
功 能: 从远堆中释放一块
用 法: void farfree(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";

/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farcalloc(10, sizeof(char));

/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because you might be in a small data model,
in which case a normal string copy routine can't be used since it
assumes the pointer size is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));

/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs\n", fptr);

/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);

return 0;
}




函数名: farmalloc
功 能: 从远堆中分配存储块
用 法: void far *farmalloc(unsigned long size);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;
char *str = "Hello";

/* allocate memory for the far pointer */
fptr = farmalloc(10);

/* copy "Hello" into allocated memory */
/*
Note: movedata is used because we might
be in a small data model, in which case
a normal string copy routine can not be
used since it assumes the pointer size
is near.
*/
movedata(FP_SEG(str), FP_OFF(str),
FP_SEG(fptr), FP_OFF(fptr),
strlen(str));

/* display string (note the F modifier) */
printf("Far string is: %Fs\n", fptr);

/* free the memory */
farfree(fptr);

return 0;
}




函数名: farrealloc
功 能: 调整远堆中的分配块
用 法: void far *farrealloc(void far *block, unsigned long newsize);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
char far *fptr;

fptr = farmalloc(10);
printf("First address: %Fp\n", fptr);
fptr = farrealloc(fptr,20);
printf("New address : %Fp\n", fptr);
farfree(fptr);
return 0;
}



函数名: fclose
功 能: 关闭一个流
用 法: int fclose(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
fp = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");
fwrite(&buf, strlen(buf), 1, fp);

/* close the file */
fclose(fp);
return 0;
}




函数名: fcloseall
功 能: 关闭打开流
用 法: int fcloseall(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int streams_closed;

/* open two streams */
fopen("DUMMY.ONE", "w");
fopen("DUMMY.TWO", "w");

/* close the open streams */
streams_closed = fcloseall();

if (streams_closed == EOF)
/* issue an error message */
perror("Error");
else
/* print result of fcloseall() function */
printf("%d streams were closed.\n", streams_closed);

return 0;
}



函数名: fcvt
功 能: 把一个浮点数转换为字符串
用 法: char *fcvt(double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char *string;
double value;
int dec, sign;
int ndig = 10;

clrscr();
value = 9.876;
string = ecvt(value, ndig, &dec, &sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d \
sign = %d\n", string, dec, sign);

value = -123.45;
ndig= 15;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d sign = %d\n",
string, dec, sign);


value = 0.6789e5; /* scientific
notation */
ndig = 5;
string = ecvt(value,ndig,&dec,&sign);
printf("string = %s dec = %d\
sign = %d\n", string, dec, sign);

return 0;
}




函数名: fdopen
功 能: 把流与一个文件句柄相接
用 法: FILE *fdopen(int handle, char *type);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
FILE *stream;

/* open a file */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT,
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE);

/* now turn the handle into a stream */
stream = fdopen(handle, "w");

if (stream == NULL)
printf("fdopen failed\n");
else
{
fprintf(stream, "Hello world\n");
fclose(stream);
}
return 0;
}



函数名: feof
功 能: 检测流上的文件结束符
用 法: int feof(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;

/* open a file for reading */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "r");

/* read a character from the file */
fgetc(stream);

/* check for EOF */
if (feof(stream))
printf("We have reached end-of-file\n");

/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}



函数名: ferror
功 能: 检测流上的错误
用 法: int ferror(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;

/* open a file for writing */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");

/* force an error condition by attempting to read */
(void) getc(stream);

if (ferror(stream)) /* test for an error on the stream */
{
/* display an error message */
printf("Error reading from DUMMY.FIL\n");

/* reset the error and EOF indicators */
clearerr(stream);
}

fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: fflush
功 能: 清除一个流
用 法: int fflush(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <io.h>

void flush(FILE *stream);

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char msg[] = "This is a test";

/* create a file */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");

/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg), 1, stream);

clrscr();
printf("ress any key to flush\
DUMMY.FIL:");
getch();

/* flush the data to DUMMY.FIL without\
closing it */
flush(stream);

printf("\nFile was flushed, Press any key\
to quit:");
getch();
return 0;
}

void flush(FILE *stream)
{
int duphandle;

/* flush the stream's internal buffer */
fflush(stream);

/* make a duplicate file handle */
duphandle = dup(fileno(stream));

/* close the duplicate handle to flush\
the DOS buffer */
close(duphandle);
}




函数名: fgetc
功 能: 从流中读取字符
用 法: int fgetc(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
char ch;

/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");

/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);

/* seek to the beginning of the file */
fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_SET);

do
{
/* read a char from the file */
ch = fgetc(stream);

/* display the character */
putch(ch);
} while (ch != EOF);

fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: fgetchar
功 能: 从流中读取字符
用 法: int fgetchar(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char ch;

/* prompt the user for input */
printf("Enter a character followed by \
<Enter>: ");

/* read the character from stdin */
ch = fgetchar();

/* display what was read */
printf("The character read is: '%c'\n",
ch);
return 0;
}




函数名: fgetpos
功 能: 取得当前文件的句柄
用 法: int fgetpos(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
fpos_t filepos;

/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");

/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);

/* report the file pointer position */
fgetpos(stream, &filepos);
printf("The file pointer is at byte\
%ld\n", filepos);

fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: fgets
功 能: 从流中读取一字符串
用 法: char *fgets(char *string, int n, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char string[] = "This is a test";
char msg[20];

/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");

/* write a string into the file */
fwrite(string, strlen(string), 1, stream);

/* seek to the start of the file */
fseek(stream, 0, SEEK_SET);

/* read a string from the file */
fgets(msg, strlen(string)+1, stream);

/* display the string */
printf("%s", msg);

fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: filelength
功 能: 取文件长度字节数
用 法: long filelength(int handle);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
int handle;
char buf[11] = "0123456789";

/* create a file containing 10 bytes */
handle = open("DUMMY.FIL", O_CREAT);
write(handle, buf, strlen(buf));

/* display the size of the file */
printf("file length in bytes: %ld\n",
filelength(handle));

/* close the file */
close(handle);
return 0;
}



函数名: fillellipse
功 能: 画出并填充一椭圆
用 法: void far fillellipse(int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
int xcenter, ycenter, i;

initgraph(&gdriver,&gmode,"");
xcenter = getmaxx() / 2;
ycenter = getmaxy() / 2;

for (i=0; i<13; i++)
{
setfillstyle(i,WHITE);
fillellipse(xcenter,ycenter,100,50);
getch();
}

closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: fillpoly
功 能: 画并填充一个多边形
用 法: void far fillpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i, maxx, maxy;

/* our polygon array */
int poly[8];

/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}

maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();

poly[0] = 20; /* 1st vertext */
poly[1] = maxy / 2;

poly[2] = maxx - 20; /* 2nd */
poly[3] = 20;

poly[4] = maxx - 50; /* 3rd */
poly[5] = maxy - 20;

/*
4th vertex. fillpoly automatically
closes the polygon.
*/
poly[6] = maxx / 2;
poly[7] = maxy / 2;

/* loop through the fill patterns */
for (i=EMPTY_FILL; i<USER_FILL; i++)
{
/* set fill pattern */
setfillstyle(i, getmaxcolor());

/* draw a filled polygon */
fillpoly(4, poly);

getch();
}

/* clean up */
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: findfirst, findnext
功 能: 搜索磁盘目录; 取得下一个匹配的findfirst模式的文件
用 法: int findfirst(char *pathname, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attrib);
int findnext(struct ffblk *ffblk);
程序例:

/* findnext example */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>

int main(void)
{
struct ffblk ffblk;
int done;
printf("Directory listing of *.*\n");
done = findfirst("*.*",&ffblk,0);
while (!done)
{
printf(" %s\n", ffblk.ff_name);
done = findnext(&ffblk);
}

return 0;
}




函数名: floodfill
功 能: 填充一个有界区域
用 法: void far floodfill(int x, int y, int border);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;

/* initialize graphics, local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk)
/* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
/* terminate with an error code */
}

maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();

/* select drawing color */
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* select fill color */
setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL, getmaxcolor());

/* draw a border around the screen */
rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

/* draw some circles */
circle(maxx / 3, maxy /2, 50);
circle(maxx / 2, 20, 100);
circle(maxx-20, maxy-50, 75);
circle(20, maxy-20, 25);

/* wait for a key */
getch();

/* fill in bounded region */
floodfill(2, 2, getmaxcolor());

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: floor
功 能: 向下舍入
用 法: double floor(double x);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double number = 123.54;
double down, up;

down = floor(number);
up = ceil(number);

printf("original number %10.2lf\n",
number);
printf("number rounded down %10.2lf\n",
down);
printf("number rounded up %10.2lf\n",
up);

return 0;
}




函数名: flushall
功 能: 清除所有缓冲区
用 法: int flushall(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;

/* create a file */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w");

/* flush all open streams */
printf("%d streams were flushed.\n",
flushall());

/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: fmod
功 能: 计算x对y的模, 即x/y的余数
用 法: double fmod(double x, double y);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
double x = 5.0, y = 2.0;
double result;

result = fmod(x,y);
printf("The remainder of (%lf / %lf) is \
%lf\n", x, y, result);
return 0;
}




函数名: fnmerge
功 能: 建立新文件名
用 法: void fnerge(char *path, char *drive, char *dir);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>


int main(void)
{
char s[MAXPATH];
char drive[MAXDRIVE];
char dir[MAXDIR];
char file[MAXFILE];
char ext[MAXEXT];

getcwd(s,MAXPATH); /* get the current working directory */
strcat(s,"\\"); /* append on a trailing \ character */
fnsplit(s,drive,dir,file,ext); /* split the string to separate elems */
strcpy(file,"DATA");
strcpy(ext,".TXT");
fnmerge(s,drive,dir,file,ext); /* merge everything into one string */
puts(s); /* display resulting string */

return 0;
}




函数名: fopen
功 能: 打开一个流
用 法: FILE *fopen(char *filename, char *type);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>

int main(void)
{
char *s;
char drive[MAXDRIVE];
char dir[MAXDIR];
char file[MAXFILE];
char ext[MAXEXT];
int flags;

s=getenv("COMSPEC"); /* get the comspec environment parameter */
flags=fnsplit(s,drive,dir,file,ext);

printf("Command processor info:\n");
if(flags & DRIVE)
printf("\tdrive: %s\n",drive);
if(flags & DIRECTORY)
printf("\tdirectory: %s\n",dir);
if(flags & FILENAME)
printf("\tfile: %s\n",file);
if(flags & EXTENSION)
printf("\textension: %s\n",ext);

return 0;
}


函数名: fprintf
功 能: 传送格式化输出到一个流中
用 法: int fprintf(FILE *stream, char *format[, argument,...]);
程序例:

/* Program to create backup of the
AUTOEXEC.BAT file */

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *in, *out;

if ((in = fopen("\\AUTOEXEC.BAT", "rt"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open input \
file.\n");
return 1;
}

if ((out = fopen("\\AUTOEXEC.BAK", "wt"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output \
file.\n");
return 1;
}

while (!feof(in))
fputc(fgetc(in), out);

fclose(in);
fclose(out);
return 0;
}




函数名: FP_OFF
功 能: 获取远地址偏移量
用 法: unsigned FP_OFF(void far *farptr);
程序例:

/* FP_OFF */

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char *str = "fpoff.c";

printf("The offset of this file in memory\
is: %Fp\n", FP_OFF(str));

return 0;
}



函数名: FP_SEG
功 能: 获取远地址段值
用 法: unsigned FP_SEG(void far *farptr);
程序例:

/* FP_SEG */

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char *filename = "fpseg.c";

printf("The offset of this file in memory\
is: %Fp\n", FP_SEG(filename));

return(0);
}




函数名: fputc
功 能: 送一个字符到一个流中
用 法: int fputc(int ch, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char msg[] = "Hello world";
int i = 0;

while (msg)
{
fputc(msg, stdout);
i++;
}
return 0;
}




函数名: fputchar
功 能: 送一个字符到标准输出流(stdout)中
用 法: int fputchar(char ch);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char msg[] = "This is a test";
int i = 0;

while (msg)
{
fputchar(msg);
i++;
}
return 0;
}




函数名: fputs
功 能: 送一个字符到一个流中
用 法: int fputs(char *string, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* write a string to standard output */
fputs("Hello world\n", stdout);

return 0;
}




函数名: fread
功 能: 从一个流中读数据
用 法: int fread(void *ptr, int size, int nitems, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
char msg[] = "this is a test";
char buf[20];

if ((stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file.\n");
return 1;
}

/* write some data to the file */
fwrite(msg, strlen(msg)+1, 1, stream);

/* seek to the beginning of the file */
fseek(stream, SEEK_SET, 0);

/* read the data and display it */
fread(buf, strlen(msg)+1, 1, stream);
printf("%s\n", buf);

fclose(stream);
return 0;
}



函数名: free
功 能: 释放已分配的块
用 法: void free(void *ptr);
程序例:

#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
char *str;

/* allocate memory for string */
str = malloc(10);

/* copy "Hello" to string */
strcpy(str, "Hello");

/* display string */
printf("String is %s\n", str);

/* free memory */
free(str);

return 0;
}


函数名: freemem
功 能: 释放先前分配的DOS内存块
用 法: int freemem(unsigned seg);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <alloc.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
unsigned int size, segp;
int stat;

size = 64; /* (64 x 16) = 1024 bytes */
stat = allocmem(size, &segp);
if (stat < 0)
printf("Allocated memory at segment:\
%x\n", segp);
else
printf("Failed: maximum number of\
paragraphs available is %u\n",
stat);
freemem(segp);

return 0;
}



函数名: freopen
功 能: 替换一个流
用 法: FILE *freopen(char *filename, char *type, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* redirect standard output to a file */
if (freopen("OUTPUT.FIL", "w", stdout)
== NULL)
fprintf(stderr, "error redirecting\
stdout\n");

/* this output will go to a file */
printf("This will go into a file.");

/* close the standard output stream */
fclose(stdout);

return 0;
}




函数名: frexp
功 能: 把一个双精度数分解为尾数的指数
用 法: double frexp(double value, int *eptr);
程序例:

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
double mantissa, number;
int exponent;

number = 8.0;
mantissa = frexp(number, &exponent);

printf("The number %lf is ", number);
printf("%lf times two to the ", mantissa);
printf("power of %d\n", exponent);

return 0;
}



函数名: fscanf
功 能: 从一个流中执行格式化输入
用 法: int fscanf(FILE *stream, char *format[,argument...]);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int i;

printf("Input an integer: ");

/* read an integer from the
standard input stream */
if (fscanf(stdin, "%d", &i))
printf("The integer read was: %i\n",
i);
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error reading an \
integer from stdin.\n");
exit(1);
}
return 0;
}




函数名: fseek
功 能: 重定位流上的文件指针
用 法: int fseek(FILE *stream, long offset, int fromwhere);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

long filesize(FILE *stream);

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;

stream = fopen("MYFILE.TXT", "w+");
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
printf("Filesize of MYFILE.TXT is %ld bytes\n", filesize(stream));
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}

long filesize(FILE *stream)
{
long curpos, length;

curpos = ftell(stream);
fseek(stream, 0L, SEEK_END);
length = ftell(stream);
fseek(stream, curpos, SEEK_SET);
return length;
}






函数名: fsetpos
功 能: 定位流上的文件指针
用 法: int fsetpos(FILE *stream, const fpos_t *pos);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void showpos(FILE *stream);

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
fpos_t filepos;

/* open a file for update */
stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+");

/* save the file pointer position */
fgetpos(stream, &filepos);

/* write some data to the file */
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");

/* show the current file position */
showpos(stream);

/* set a new file position, display it */
if (fsetpos(stream, &filepos) == 0)
showpos(stream);
else
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error setting file \
pointer.\n");
exit(1);
}

/* close the file */
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}

void showpos(FILE *stream)
{
fpos_t pos;

/* display the current file pointer
position of a stream */
fgetpos(stream, &pos);
printf("File position: %ld\n", pos);
}


函数名: fstat
功 能: 获取打开文件信息
用 法: int fstat(char *handle, struct stat *buff);
程序例:

#include <sys\stat.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

int main(void)
{
struct stat statbuf;
FILE *stream;

/* open a file for update */
if ((stream = fopen("DUMMY.FIL", "w+"))
== NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output \
file.\n");
return(1);
}
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
fflush(stream);

/* get information about the file */
fstat(fileno(stream), &statbuf);
fclose(stream);

/* display the information returned */
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFCHR)
printf("Handle refers to a device.\n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IFREG)
printf("Handle refers to an ordinary \
file.\n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IREAD)
printf("User has read permission on \
file.\n");
if (statbuf.st_mode & S_IWRITE)
printf("User has write permission on \
file.\n");

printf("Drive letter of file: %c\n",
'A'+statbuf.st_dev);
printf("Size of file in bytes: %ld\n",
statbuf.st_size);
printf("Time file last opened: %s\n",
ctime(&statbuf.st_ctime));
return 0;
}




函数名: ftell
功 能: 返回当前文件指针
用 法: long ftell(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;

stream = fopen("MYFILE.TXT", "w+");
fprintf(stream, "This is a test");
printf("The file pointer is at byte \
%ld\n", ftell(stream));
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: fwrite
功 能: 写内容到流中
用 法: int fwrite(void *ptr, int size, int nitems, FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

struct mystruct
{
int i;
char ch;
};

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct mystruct s;

if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$", "wb")) == NULL) /* open file TEST.$$$ */
{
fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open output file.\n");
return 1;
}
s.i = 0;
s.ch = 'A';
fwrite(&s, sizeof(s), 1, stream); /* write struct s to file */
fclose(stream); /* close file */
return 0;
}
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: gcvt
功 能: 把浮点数转换成字符串
用 法: char *gcvt(double value, int ndigit, char *buf);
程序例:
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char str[25];
double num;
int sig = 5; /* significant digits */

/* a regular number */
num = 9.876;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str);

/* a negative number */
num = -123.4567;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str);

/* scientific notation */
num = 0.678e5;
gcvt(num, sig, str);
printf("string = %s\n", str);

return(0);
}




函数名: geninterrupt
功 能: 产生一个软中断
用 法: void geninterrupt(int intr_num);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>

/* function prototype */
void writechar(char ch);

int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(80,25);
writechar('*');
getch();
return 0;
}

/*
outputs a character at the current cursor
position using the video BIOS to avoid the
scrolling of the screen when writing to
location (80,25).
*/

void writechar(char ch)
{
struct text_info ti;
/* grab current text settings */
gettextinfo(&ti);
/* interrupt 0x10 sub-function 9 */
_AH = 9;
/* character to be output */
_AL = ch;
_BH = 0; /* video page */
_BL = ti.attribute; /* video attribute */
_CX = 1; /* repetition factor */
geninterrupt(0x10); /* output the char */
}



函数名: getarccoords
功 能: 取得最后一次调用arc的坐标
用 法: void far getarccoords(struct arccoordstype far *arccoords);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct arccoordstype arcinfo;
int midx, midy;
int stangle = 45, endangle = 270;
char sstr[80], estr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* draw arc and get coordinates */
setcolor(getmaxcolor());
arc(midx, midy, stangle, endangle, 100);
getarccoords(&arcinfo);

/* convert arc information into strings */
sprintf(sstr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xstart, arcinfo.ystart);
sprintf(estr, "*- (%d, %d)",
arcinfo.xend, arcinfo.yend);

/* output the arc information */
outtextxy(arcinfo.xstart,
arcinfo.ystart, sstr);
outtextxy(arcinfo.xend,
arcinfo.yend, estr);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: getaspectratio
功 能: 返回当前图形模式的纵横比
用 法: void far getaspectratio(int far *xasp, int far *yasp);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int xasp, yasp, midx, midy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* get current aspect ratio settings */
getaspectratio(&xasp, &yasp);

/* draw normal circle */
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();

/* draw wide circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp/2, yasp);
circle(midx, midy, 100);
getch();

/* draw narrow circle */
cleardevice();
setaspectratio(xasp, yasp/2);
circle(midx, midy, 100);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: getbkcolor
功 能: 返回当前背景颜色
用 法: int far getbkcolor(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int bkcolor, midx, midy;
char bkname[35];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* get the current background color */
bkcolor = getbkcolor();

/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(bkcolor, bkname, 10);
strcat(bkname,
" is the current background color.");

/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, bkname);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: getc
功 能: 从流中取字符
用 法: int getc(FILE *stream);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char ch;

printf("Input a character:");
/* read a character from the
standard input stream */
ch = getc(stdin);
printf("The character input was: '%c'\n",
ch);
return 0;
}




函数名: getcbrk
功 能: 获取Control_break设置
用 法: int getcbrk(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
if (getcbrk())
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is on\n");
else
printf("Cntrl-brk flag is off\n");

return 0;
}



函数名: getch
功 能: 从控制台无回显地取一个字符
用 法: int getch(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char ch;

printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("\nYou input a '%c'\n", ch);
return 0;
}



函数名: getchar
功 能: 从stdin流中读字符
用 法: int getchar(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
int c;

/* Note that getchar reads from stdin and
is line buffered; this means it will
not return until you press ENTER. */

while ((c = getchar()) != '\n')
printf("%c", c);

return 0;
}



函数名: getche
功 能: 从控制台取字符(带回显)
用 法: int getche(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char ch;

printf("Input a character:");
ch = getche();
printf("\nYou input a '%c'\n", ch);
return 0;
}



函数名: getcolor
功 能: 返回当前画线颜色
用 法: int far getcolor(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int color, midx, midy;
char colname[35];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* for centering text on the display */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* get the current drawing color */
color = getcolor();

/* convert color value into a string */
itoa(color, colname, 10);
strcat(colname,
" is the current drawing color.");

/* display a message */
outtextxy(midx, midy, colname);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getcurdir
功 能: 取指定驱动器的当前目录
用 法: int getcurdir(int drive, char *direc);
程序例:

#include <dir.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

char *current_directory(char *path)
{
strcpy(path, "X:\\"); /* fill string with form of response: X:\ */
path[0] = 'A' + getdisk(); /* replace X with current drive letter */
getcurdir(0, path+3); /* fill rest of string with current directory */
return(path);
}

int main(void)
{
char curdir[MAXPATH];

current_directory(curdir);
printf("The current directory is %s\n", curdir);

return 0;
}



函数名: getcwd
功 能: 取当前工作目录
用 法: char *getcwd(char *buf, int n);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>

int main(void)
{
char buffer[MAXPATH];

getcwd(buffer, MAXPATH);
printf("The current directory is: %s\n", buffer);
return 0;
}
函数名: getdate
功 能: 取DOS日期
用 法: void getdate(struct *dateblk);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
struct date d;

getdate(&d);
printf("The current year is: %d\n",
d.da_year);
printf("The current day is: %d\n",
d.da_day);
printf("The current month is: %d\n",
d.da_mon);
return 0;
}



函数名: getdefaultpalette
功 能: 返回调色板定义结构
用 法: struct palettetype *far getdefaultpalette(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i;

/* structure for returning palette copy */
struct palettetype far *pal=(void *) 0;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* return a pointer to the default palette */
pal = getdefaultpalette();

for (i=0; i<16; i++)
{
printf("colors[%d] = %d\n", i,
pal->colors);
getch();
}

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getdisk
功 能: 取当前磁盘驱动器号
用 法: int getdisk(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>

int main(void)
{
int disk;

disk = getdisk() + 'A';
printf("The current drive is: %c\n",
disk);
return 0;
}




函数名: getdrivername
功 能: 返回指向包含当前图形驱动程序名字的字符串指针
用 法: char *getdrivename(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* stores the device driver name */
char *drivername;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* get name of the device driver in use */
drivername = getdrivername();

/* for centering text on the screen */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);

/* output the name of the driver */
outtextxy(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2,
drivername);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getdta
功 能: 取磁盘传输地址
用 法: char far *getdta(void);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char far *dta;

dta = getdta();
printf("The current disk transfer \
address is: %Fp\n", dta);
return 0;
}



函数名: getenv
功 能: 从环境中取字符串
用 法: char *getenv(char *envvar);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>


int main(void)
{
char *s;

s=getenv("COMSPEC"); /* get the comspec environment parameter */
printf("Command processor: %s\n",s); /* display comspec parameter */

return 0;
}




函数名: getfat, getfatd
功 能: 取文件分配表信息
用 法: void getfat(int drive, struct fatinfo *fatblkp);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
struct fatinfo diskinfo;
int flag = 0;

printf("lease insert disk in drive A\n");
getchar();

getfat(1, &diskinfo);
/* get drive information */

printf("\nDrive A: is ");
switch((unsigned char) diskinfo.fi_fatid)
{
case 0xFD:
printf("360K low density\n");
break;

case 0xF9:
printf("1.2 Meg high density\n");
break;

default:
printf("unformatted\n");
flag = 1;
}

if (!flag)
{
printf(" sectors per cluster %5d\n",
diskinfo.fi_sclus);
printf(" number of clusters %5d\n",
diskinfo.fi_nclus);
printf(" bytes per sector %5d\n",
diskinfo.fi_bysec);
}

return 0;
}



函数名: getfillpattern
功 能: 将用户定义的填充模式拷贝到内存中
用 法: void far getfillpattern(char far *upattern);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;
char pattern[8] = {0x00, 0x70, 0x20, 0x27, 0x25, 0x27, 0x04, 0x04};

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();
setcolor(getmaxcolor());

/* select a user defined fill pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());

/* fill the screen with the pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

getch();

/* get the current user defined fill pattern */
getfillpattern(pattern);

/* alter the pattern we grabbed */
pattern[4] -= 1;
pattern[5] -= 3;
pattern[6] += 3;
pattern[7] -= 4;

/* select our new pattern */
setfillpattern(pattern, getmaxcolor());

/* fill the screen with the new pattern */
bar(0, 0, maxx, maxy);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getfillsettings
功 能: 取得有关当前填充模式和填充颜色的信息
用 法: void far getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/ the names of the fill styles supported */
char *fname[] = { "EMPTY_FILL",
"SOLID_FILL",
"LINE_FILL",
"LTSLASH_FILL",
"SLASH_FILL",
"BKSLASH_FILL",
"LTBKSLASH_FILL",
"HATCH_FILL",
"XHATCH_FILL",
"INTERLEAVE_FILL",
"WIDE_DOT_FILL",
"CLOSE_DOT_FILL",
"USER_FILL"
};

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct fillsettingstype fillinfo;
int midx, midy;
char patstr[40], colstr[40];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current fill pattern and color */
getfillsettings(&fillinfo);

/* convert fill information into strings */
sprintf(patstr, "%s is the fill style.", fname[fillinfo.pattern]);
sprintf(colstr, "%d is the fill color.", fillinfo.color);

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, patstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), colstr);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: getftime
功 能: 取文件日期和时间
用 法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct ftime ft;

if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
"wt")) == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file.\n");
return 1;
}
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft);
printf("File time: %u:%u:%u\n",
ft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
ft.ft_tsec * 2);
printf("File date: %u/%u/%u\n",
ft.ft_month, ft.ft_day,
ft.ft_year+1980);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}




函数名: getgraphmode
功 能: 返回当前图形模式
用 法: int far getgraphmode(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname,
"%d is the current mode number.",
mode);
sprintf(modename,
"%s is the current graphics mode",
getmodename(mode));

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"),
modename);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getftime
功 能: 取文件日期和时间
用 法: int getftime(int handle, struct ftime *ftimep);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
FILE *stream;
struct ftime ft;

if ((stream = fopen("TEST.$$$",
"wt")) == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr,
"Cannot open output file.\n");
return 1;
}
getftime(fileno(stream), &ft);
printf("File time: %u:%u:%u\n",
ft.ft_hour, ft.ft_min,
ft.ft_tsec * 2);
printf("File date: %u/%u/%u\n",
ft.ft_month, ft.ft_day,
ft.ft_year+1980);
fclose(stream);
return 0;
}
函数名: getgraphmode
功 能: 返回当前图形模式
用 法: int far getgraphmode(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname,
"%d is the current mode number.",
mode);
sprintf(modename,
"%s is the current graphics mode",
getmodename(mode));

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"),
modename);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getimage
功 能: 将指定区域的一个位图存到主存中
用 法: void far getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom,
void far *bitmap);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

void save_screen(void far *buf[4]);
void restore_screen(void far *buf[4]);

int maxx, maxy;

int main(void)
{
int gdriver=DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
void far *ptr[4];

/* auto-detect the graphics driver and mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");
errorcode = graphresult(); /* check for any errors */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1);
}
maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();

/* draw an image on the screen */
rectangle(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
line(0, maxy, maxx, 0);

save_screen(ptr); /* save the current screen */
getch(); /* pause screen */
cleardevice(); /* clear screen */
restore_screen(ptr); /* restore the screen */
getch(); /* pause screen */

closegraph();
return 0;
}

void save_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
unsigned size;
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;

yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;
size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */

for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
{
closegraph();
printf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen().\n");
exit(1);
}

getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}

void save_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
unsigned size;
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;

yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;
size = imagesize(0, ystart, maxx, yend); /* get byte size of image */

for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
if ((buf[block] = farmalloc(size)) == NULL)
{
closegraph();
printf("Error: not enough heap space in save_screen().\n");
exit(1);
}

getimage(0, ystart, maxx, yend, buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}

void restore_screen(void far *buf[4])
{
int ystart=0, yend, yincr, block;

yincr = (maxy+1) / 4;
yend = yincr;

for (block=0; block<=3; block++)
{
putimage(0, ystart, buf[block], COPY_PUT);
farfree(buf[block]);
ystart = yend + 1;
yend += yincr + 1;
}
}



函数名: getlinesettings
功 能: 取当前线型、模式和宽度
用 法: void far getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far *lininfo):
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the line styles supported */
char *lname[] = { "SOLID_LINE",
"DOTTED_LINE",
"CENTER_LINE",
"DASHED_LINE",
"USERBIT_LINE"
};

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct linesettingstype lineinfo;
int midx, midy;
char lstyle[80], lpattern[80], lwidth[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current line settings */
getlinesettings(&lineinfo);

/* convert line information into strings */
sprintf(lstyle, "%s is the line style.",
lname[lineinfo.linestyle]);
sprintf(lpattern, "0x%X is the user-defined line pattern.",
lineinfo.upattern);
sprintf(lwidth, "%d is the line thickness.",
lineinfo.thickness);

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, lstyle);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), lpattern);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*textheight("W"), lwidth);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getmaxcolor
功 能: 返回可以传给函数setcolor的最大颜色值
用 法: int far getmaxcolor(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char colstr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables
*/ initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* grab the color info. and convert it to a string */
sprintf(colstr, "This mode supports colors 0..%d", getmaxcolor());

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, colstr);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}




函数名: getmaxx
功 能: 返回屏幕的最大x坐标
用 法: int far getmaxx(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char xrange[80], yrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* convert max resolution values into strings */
sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);
outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: getmaxy
功 能: 返回屏幕的最大y坐标
用 法: int far getmaxy(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
char xrange[80], yrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* convert max resolution values into strings */
sprintf(xrange, "X values range from 0..%d", getmaxx());
sprintf(yrange, "Y values range from 0..%d", getmaxy());

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, xrange);
outtextxy(midx, midy+textheight("W"), yrange);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: getmodename
功 能: 返回含有指定图形模式名的字符串指针
用 法: char *far getmodename(int mode_name);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request autodetection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy, mode;
char numname[80], modename[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get mode number and name strings */
mode = getgraphmode();
sprintf(numname, "%d is the current mode number.", mode);
sprintf(modename, "%s is the current graphics mode.", getmodename(mode));

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, numname);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*textheight("W"), modename);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getmoderange
功 能: 取给定图形驱动程序的模式范围
用 法: void far getmoderange(int graphdriver, int far *lomode,
int far *himode);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;
int low, high;
char mrange[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get the mode range for this driver */
getmoderange(gdriver, &low, &high);

/* convert mode range info. into strings */
sprintf(mrange, "This driver supports modes %d..%d", low, high);

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, mrange);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getpalette
功 能: 返回有关当前调色板的信息
用 法: void far getpalette(struct palettetype far *palette);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct palettetype pal;
char psize[80], pval[20];
int i, ht;
int y = 10;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

/* grab a copy of the palette */
getpalette(&pal);

/* convert palette info. into strings */
sprintf(psize, "The palette has %d \
modifiable entries.", pal.size);

/* display the information */
outtextxy(0, y, psize);
if (pal.size != 0)
{
ht = textheight("W");
y += 2*ht;
outtextxy(0, y, "Here are the current \
values:");
y += 2*ht;
for (i=0; i<pal.size; i++, y+=ht)
{
sprintf(pval,
"palette[%02d]: 0x%02X", i,
pal.colors);
outtextxy(0, y, pval);
}
}

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: getpass
功 能: 读一个口令
用 法: char *getpass(char *prompt);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
char *password;

password = getpass("Input a password:");
cprintf("The password is: %s\r\n",
password);
return 0;
}




函数名: getpixel
功 能: 取得指定像素的颜色
用 法: int far getpixel(int x, int y);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define PIXEL_COUNT 1000
#define DELAY_TIME 100 /* in milliseconds */

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int i, x, y, color, maxx, maxy,
maxcolor, seed;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
/* an error occurred */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n",
grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("ress any key to halt:");
getch();
/* terminate with an error code */
exit(1);
}

maxx = getmaxx() + 1;
maxy = getmaxy() + 1;
maxcolor = getmaxcolor() + 1;

while (!kbhit())
{
/* seed the random number generator */
seed = random(32767);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<IXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
putpixel(x, y, color);
}

delay(DELAY_TIME);
srand(seed);
for (i=0; i<IXEL_COUNT; i++)
{
x = random(maxx);
y = random(maxy);
color = random(maxcolor);
if (color == getpixel匇? ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;h;(;);;; ;e;t;p;s;p;(;););;; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;e;s;e;t; ;t;o; ;s;e;g;m;e;n;t; ;o;f; ;t;h;e; ;S; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;i;n;e; ;i;s; ;l;o;c;a;t;e;d; ;a;t; ;o;f;f;s;e;t; ;0;x;8;1; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;t; ;o;f; ;S;P; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;


函数名: gets
功 能: 从流中取一字符串
用 法: char *gets(char *string);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
char string[80];

printf("Input a string:");
gets(string);
printf("The string input was: %s\n",
string);
return 0;
}



函数名: gettext
功 能: 将文本方式屏幕上的文本拷贝到存储区
用 法: int gettext(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void *destin);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

char buffer[4096];

int main(void)
{
int i;
clrscr();
for (i = 0; i <= 20; i++)
cprintf("Line #%d\r\n", i);
gettext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer);
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to clear screen...");
getch();
clrscr();
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to restore screen...");
getch();
puttext(1, 1, 80, 25, buffer);
gotoxy(1, 25);
cprintf("Press any key to quit...");
getch();
return 0;
}



函数名: gettextinfo
功 能: 取得文本模式的显示信息
用 法: void gettextinfo(struct text_info *inforec);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
struct text_info ti;
gettextinfo(&ti);
cprintf("window left %2d\r\n",ti.winleft);
cprintf("window top %2d\r\n",ti.wintop);
cprintf("window right %2d\r\n",ti.winright);
cprintf("window bottom %2d\r\n",ti.winbottom);
cprintf("attribute %2d\r\n",ti.attribute);
cprintf("normal attribute %2d\r\n",ti.normattr);
cprintf("current mode %2d\r\n",ti.currmode);
cprintf("screen height %2d\r\n",ti.screenheight);
cprintf("screen width %2d\r\n",ti.screenwidth);
cprintf("current x %2d\r\n",ti.curx);
cprintf("current y %2d\r\n",ti.cury);
return 0;
}



函数名: gettextsettings
功 能: 返回有关当前图形文本字体的信息
用 法: void far gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype far *textinfo);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* the names of the fonts supported */
char *font[] = { "DEFAULT_FONT",
"TRIPLEX_FONT",
"SMALL_FONT",
"SANS_SERIF_FONT",
"GOTHIC_FONT"
};

/* the names of the text directions supported */
char *dir[] = { "HORIZ_DIR", "VERT_DIR" };

/* horizontal text justifications supported */
char *hjust[] = { "LEFT_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "RIGHT_TEXT" };

/* vertical text justifications supported */
char *vjust[] = { "BOTTOM_TEXT", "CENTER_TEXT", "TOP_TEXT" };

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct textsettingstype textinfo;
int midx, midy, ht;
char fontstr[80], dirstr[80], sizestr[80];
char hjuststr[80], vjuststr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current text settings */
gettextsettings(&textinfo);

/* convert text information into strings */
sprintf(fontstr, "%s is the text style.", font[textinfo.font]);
sprintf(dirstr, "%s is the text direction.", dir[textinfo.direction]);
sprintf(sizestr, "%d is the text size.", textinfo.charsize);
sprintf(hjuststr, "%s is the horizontal justification.",
hjust[textinfo.horiz]);
sprintf(vjuststr, "%s is the vertical justification.",
vjust[textinfo.vert]);

/* display the information */
ht = textheight("W");
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, fontstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, dirstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, sizestr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+6*ht, hjuststr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+8*ht, vjuststr);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: gettime
功 能: 取得系统时间
用 法: void gettime(struct time *timep);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
struct time t;

gettime(&t);
printf("The current time is: %2d:%02d:%02d.%02d\n",
t.ti_hour, t.ti_min, t.ti_sec, t.ti_hund);
return 0;
}




函数名: getvect
功 能: 取得中断向量入口
用 法: void interrupt(*getvect(int intr_num));
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

void interrupt get_out(); /* interrupt prototype */

void interrupt (*oldfunc)(); /* interrupt function pointer */
int looping = 1;

int main(void)
{
puts("Press <Shift><Prt Sc> to terminate");

/* save the old interrupt */
oldfunc = getvect(5);

/* install interrupt handler */
setvect(5,get_out);

/* do nothing */
while (looping);

/* restore to original interrupt routine */
setvect(5,oldfunc);

puts("Success");
return 0;
}
void interrupt get_out()
{
looping = 0; /* change global variable to get out of loop */
}



函数名: getverify
功 能: 返回DOS校验标志状态
用 法: int getverify(void);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
if (getverify())
printf("DOS verify flag is on\n");
else
printf("DOS verify flag is off\n");
return 0;
}


函数名: getviewsetting
功 能: 返回有关当前视区的信息
用 法: void far getviewsettings(struct viewporttype far *viewport);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

char *clip[] = { "OFF", "ON" };

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
struct viewporttype viewinfo;
int midx, midy, ht;
char topstr[80], botstr[80], clipstr[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* get information about current viewport */
getviewsettings(&viewinfo);

/* convert text information into strings */
sprintf(topstr, "(%d, %d) is the upper left viewport corner.",
viewinfo.left, viewinfo.top);
sprintf(botstr, "(%d, %d) is the lower right viewport corner.",
viewinfo.right, viewinfo.bottom);
sprintf(clipstr, "Clipping is turned %s.", clip[viewinfo.clip]);

/* display the information */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
ht = textheight("W");
outtextxy(midx, midy, topstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+2*ht, botstr);
outtextxy(midx, midy+4*ht, clipstr);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: getw
功 能: 从流中取一整数
用 法: int getw(FILE *strem);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define FNAME "test.$$$"

int main(void)
{
FILE *fp;
int word;

/* place the word in a file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "wb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s\n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}

word = 94;
putw(word,fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error writing to file\n");
else
printf("Successful write\n");
fclose(fp);

/* reopen the file */
fp = fopen(FNAME, "rb");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Error opening file %s\n", FNAME);
exit(1);
}

/* extract the word */
word = getw(fp);
if (ferror(fp))
printf("Error reading file\n");
else
printf("Successful read: word = %d\n", word);

/* clean up */
fclose(fp);
unlink(FNAME);

return 0;
}




函数名: getx
功 能: 返回当前图形位置的x坐标
用 法: int far getx(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

/* move to the screen center point */
moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);

/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());

/* display the message */
outtext(msg);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}
函数名: gety
功 能: 返回当前图形位置的y坐标
用 法: int far gety(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
char msg[80];

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

/* move to the screen center point */
moveto(getmaxx() / 2, getmaxy() / 2);

/* create a message string */
sprintf(msg, "<-(%d, %d) is the here.", getx(), gety());

/* display the message */
outtext(msg);

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: gmtime
功 能: 把日期和时间转换为格林尼治标准时间(GMT)
用 法: struct tm *gmtime(long *clock);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <dos.h>

/* Pacific Standard Time & Daylight Savings */
char *tzstr = "TZ=PST8PDT";

int main(void)
{
time_t t;
struct tm *gmt, *area;

putenv(tzstr);
tzset();

t = time(NULL);
area = localtime(&t);
printf("Local time is: %s", asctime(area));
gmt = gmtime(&t);
printf("GMT is: %s", asctime(gmt));
return 0;
}



函数名: gotoxy
功 能: 在文本窗口中设置光标
用 法: void gotoxy(int x, int y);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(35, 12);
cprintf("Hello world");
getch();
return 0;
}



函数名: gotoxy
功 能: 在文本窗口中设置光标
用 法: void gotoxy(int x, int y);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
clrscr();
gotoxy(35, 12);
cprintf("Hello world");
getch();
return 0;
}



函数名: graphdefaults
功 能: 将所有图形设置复位为它们的缺省值
用 法: void far graphdefaults(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int maxx, maxy;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "c:\\bor\\Borland\\bgi");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

maxx = getmaxx();
maxy = getmaxy();

/* output line with non-default settings */
setlinestyle(DOTTED_LINE, 0, 3);
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "Before default values are restored.");
getch();

/* restore default values for everything */
graphdefaults();

/* clear the screen */
cleardevice();

/* output line with default settings */
line(0, 0, maxx, maxy);
outtextxy(maxx/2, maxy/3, "After restoring default values.");

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: grapherrormsg
功 能: 返回一个错误信息串的指针
用 法: char *far grapherrormsg(int errorcode);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define NONSENSE -50

int main(void)
{
/* FORCE AN ERROR TO OCCUR */
int gdriver = NONSENSE, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics mode */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();

/* if an error occurred, then output a */
/* descriptive error message. */
if (errorcode != grOk)
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}



函数名: graphresult
功 能: 返回最后一次不成功的图形操作的错误代码
用 法: int far graphresult(void);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();

if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

/* draw a line */
line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}


函数名: _graphfreemem
功 能: 用户可修改的图形存储区释放函数
用 法: void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

int main(void)
{
/* request auto detection */
int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
int midx, midy;

/* clear the text screen */
clrscr();
printf("Press any key to initialize graphics mode:");
getch();
clrscr();

/* initialize graphics and local variables */
initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

/* read result of initialization */
errorcode = graphresult();
if (errorcode != grOk) /* an error occurred */
{
printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
printf("Press any key to halt:");
getch();
exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
}

midx = getmaxx() / 2;
midy = getmaxy() / 2;

/* display a message */
settextjustify(CENTER_TEXT, CENTER_TEXT);
outtextxy(midx, midy, "Press any key to exit graphics mode:");

/* clean up */
getch();
closegraph();
return 0;
}

/* called by the graphics kernel to allocate memory */
void far * far _graphgetmem(unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphgetmem called to allocate %d bytes.\n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("\n");

/* allocate memory from far heap */
return farmalloc(size);
}

/* called by the graphics kernel to free memory */
void far _graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned size)
{
printf("_graphfreemem called to free %d bytes.\n", size);
printf("hit any key:");
getch();
printf("\n");

/* free ptr from far heap */
farfree(ptr);
}
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: harderr
功  能: 建立一个硬件错误处理程序
用  法: void harderr(int (*fptr)());
程序例:
/*This program will trap disk errors and prompt
the user for action. Try running it with no
disk in drive A: to invoke its functions.*/

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>
#define IGNORE  0
#define RETRY   1
#define ABORT   2
int buf[500];
/*define the error messages for trapping disk problems*/
static char *err_msg[] = {
    "write protect",
    "unknown unit",
    "drive not ready",
    "unknown command",
    "data error (CRC)",
    "bad request",
    "seek error",
    "unknown media type",
    "sector not found",
    "printer out of paper",
    "write fault",
    "read fault",
    "general failure",
    "reserved",
    "reserved",
    "invalid disk change"
};

error_win(char *msg)
{
   int retval;

   cputs(msg);

/*prompt for user to press a key to abort, retry, ignore*/
   while(1)
   {
       retval= getch();
       if (retval == 'a' || retval == 'A')
       {
    retval = ABORT;
    break;
       }
       if (retval == 'r' || retval == 'R')
       {
    retval = RETRY;
    break;
       }
       if (retval == 'i' || retval == 'I')
       {
           retval = IGNORE;
           break;
       }
   }

   return(retval);
}

/*pragma warn -par reduces warnings which occur
due to the non use of the parameters errval,
bp and si to the handler.*/
#pragma warn -par

int handler(int errval,int ax,int bp,int si)
{
   static char msg[80];
   unsigned di;
   int drive;
   int errorno;
   di= _DI;
/*if this is not a disk error then it was
another device having trouble*/

   if (ax < 0)
   {
      /* report the error */
      error_win("Device error");
      /* and return to the program directly requesting abort */
      hardretn(ABORT);
   }
/* otherwise it was a disk error */
   drive = ax & 0x00FF;
   errorno = di & 0x00FF;
/* report which error it was */
   sprintf(msg, "Error: %s on drive %c\r\nA)bort, R)etry, I)gnore: ",
    err_msg[errorno], 'A' + drive);
/*
return to the program via dos interrupt 0x23 with abort, retry,
or ignore as input by the user.
*/
   hardresume(error_win(msg));
   return ABORT;
}
#pragma warn +par

int main(void)
{
/*
install our handler on the hardware problem interrupt
*/
   harderr(handler);
   clrscr();
   printf("Make sure there is no disk in drive A:\n");
   printf("ress any key ....\n");
   getch();
   printf("Trying to access drive A:\n");
   printf("fopen returned %p\n",fopen("A:temp.dat", "w"));
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: hardresume
功  能: 硬件错误处理函数
用  法: void hardresume(int rescode);
程序例:
   

/* This program will trap disk errors and prompt the user for action. */
/* Try running it with no disk in drive A: to invoke its functions    */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define IGNORE  0
#define RETRY   1
#define ABORT   2

int buf[500];

/* define the error messages for trapping disk problems */
static char *err_msg[] = {
    "write protect",
    "unknown unit",
    "drive not ready",
    "unknown command",
    "data error (CRC)",
    "bad request",
    "seek error",
    "unknown media type",
    "sector not found",
    "printer out of paper",
    "write fault",
    "read fault",
    "general failure",
    "reserved",
    "reserved",
    "invalid disk change"
};

error_win(char *msg)
{
   int retval;

   cputs(msg);

/* prompt for user to press a key to abort, retry, ignore */
   while(1)
   {
       retval= getch();
       if (retval == 'a' || retval == 'A')
       {
           retval = ABORT;
           break;
       }
       if (retval == 'r' || retval == 'R')
       {
           retval = RETRY;
           break;
       }
       if (retval == 'i' || retval == 'I')
       {
           retval = IGNORE;
           break;
       }
   }

   return(retval);
}

/* pragma warn -par reduces warnings which occur due to the non use */
/* of the parameters errval, bp and si to the handler.              */
#pragma warn -par

int handler(int errval,int ax,int bp,int si)
{
   static char msg[80];
   unsigned di;
   int drive;
   int errorno;

   di= _DI;
/* if this is not a disk error then it was another device having trouble */

   if (ax < 0)
   {
      /* report the error */
      error_win("Device error");
      /* and return to the program directly
      requesting abort */
      hardretn(ABORT);
   }
/* otherwise it was a disk error */
   drive = ax & 0x00FF;
   errorno = di & 0x00FF;
/* report which error it was */
   sprintf(msg, "Error: %s on drive %c\r\nA)bort, R)etry, I)gnore: ",
           err_msg[errorno], 'A' + drive);
/* return to the program via dos interrupt 0x23 with abort, retry */
/* or ignore as input by the user.  */
   hardresume(error_win(msg));
   return ABORT;
}
#pragma warn +par

int main(void)
{
/* install our handler on the hardware problem interrupt */
   harderr(handler);
   clrscr();
   printf("Make sure there is no disk in drive A:\n");
   printf("ress any key ....\n");
   getch();
   printf("Trying to access drive A:\n");
   printf("fopen returned %p\n",fopen("A:temp.dat", "w"));
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: highvideo
功  能: 选择高亮度文本字符
用  法: void highvideo(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   clrscr();

   lowvideo();
   cprintf("Low Intensity text\r\n");
   highvideo();
   gotoxy(1,2);
   cprintf("High Intensity Text\r\n");

   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: hypot
功  能: 计算直角三角形的斜边长
用  法: double hypot(double x, double y);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main(void)
{
   double result;
   double x = 3.0;
   double y = 4.0;

   result = hypot(x, y);
   printf("The hypotenuse is: %lf\n", result);

   return 0;
}  
[/php]

kj501

[php]
函数名: imagesize
功  能: 返回保存位图像所需的字节数
用  法: unsigned far imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

#define ARROW_SIZE 10

void draw_arrow(int x, int y);

int main(void)
{
   /* request autodetection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;
   void *arrow;
   int x, y, maxx;
   unsigned int size;

   /* initialize graphics and local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   /* read result of initialization */
   errorcode = graphresult();
   if (errorcode != grOk)  /* an error occurred */
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("ress any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1); /* terminate with an error code */
   }

   maxx = getmaxx();
   x = 0;
   y = getmaxy() / 2;

   /* draw the image to be grabbed */
   draw_arrow(x, y);

   /* calculate the size of the image */
   size = imagesize(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE);

   /* allocate memory to hold the image */
   arrow = malloc(size);

   /* grab the image */
   getimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, x+(4*ARROW_SIZE), y+ARROW_SIZE, arrow);

   /* repeat until a key is pressed */
   while (!kbhit())
   {
      /* erase old image */
      putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);

      x += ARROW_SIZE;
      if (x >= maxx)
          x = 0;

      /* plot new image */
      putimage(x, y-ARROW_SIZE, arrow, XOR_PUT);
   }

   /* clean up */
   free(arrow);
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}

void draw_arrow(int x, int y)
{
   /* draw an arrow on the screen */
   moveto(x, y);
   linerel(4*ARROW_SIZE, 0);
   linerel(-2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
   linerel(0, 2*ARROW_SIZE);
   linerel(2*ARROW_SIZE, -1*ARROW_SIZE);
}
   
   
   

函数名: initgraph
功  能: 初始化图形系统
用  法: void far initgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode,
    char far *pathtodriver);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   /* request auto detection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode, errorcode;

   /* initialize graphics mode */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   /* read result of initialization */
   errorcode = graphresult();

   if (errorcode != grOk)  /* an error occurred */
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("ress any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1);             /* return with error code */
   }

   /* draw a line */
   line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

   /* clean up */
   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: inport
功  能: 从硬件端口中输入
用  法: int inp(int protid);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

int main(void)
{
   int result;
   int port = 0;  /* serial port 0 */

   result = inport(port);
   printf("Word read from port %d = 0x%X\n", port, result);
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: insline
功  能: 在文本窗口中插入一个空行
用  法: void insline(void);
程序例:

#include <conio.h>

int main(void)
{
   clrscr();
   cprintf("INSLINE inserts an empty line in the text window\r\n");
   cprintf("at the cursor position using the current text\r\n");
   cprintf("background color.  All lines below the empty one\r\n");
   cprintf("move down one line and the bottom line scrolls\r\n");
   cprintf("off the bottom of the window.\r\n");
   cprintf("\r\nPress any key to continue:");
   gotoxy(1, 3);
   getch();
   insline();
   getch();
   return 0;
}
   
   
   

函数名: installuserdriver
功  能: 安装设备驱动程序到BGI设备驱动程序表中
用  法: int far installuserdriver(char far *name, int (*detect)(void));
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* function prototypes */
int huge detectEGA(void);
void checkerrors(void);

int main(void)
{
   int gdriver, gmode;

   /* install a user written device driver */
   gdriver = installuserdriver("EGA", detectEGA);

   /* must force use of detection routine */
   gdriver = DETECT;

   /* check for any installation errors */
   checkerrors();

   /* initialize graphics and local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   /* check for any initialization errors */
   checkerrors();

   /* draw a line */
   line(0, 0, getmaxx(), getmaxy());

   /* clean up */
   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}

/* detects EGA or VGA cards */
int huge detectEGA(void)
{
   int driver, mode, sugmode = 0;

   detectgraph(&driver, &mode);
   if ((driver == EGA) || (driver == VGA))
      /* return suggested video mode number */
      return sugmode;
   else
      /* return an error code */
      return grError;
}

/* check for and report any graphics errors */
void checkerrors(void)
{
   int errorcode;

   /* read result of last graphics operation */
   errorcode = graphresult();
   if (errorcode != grOk)
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("ress any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1);
   }
}

函数名: installuserfont
功  能: 安装未嵌入BGI系统的字体文件(CHR)
用  法: int far installuserfont(char far *name);
程序例:

#include <graphics.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

/* function prototype */
void checkerrors(void);

int main(void)
{
   /* request auto detection */
   int gdriver = DETECT, gmode;
   int userfont;
   int midx, midy;

   /* initialize graphics and local variables */
   initgraph(&gdriver, &gmode, "");

   midx = getmaxx() / 2;
   midy = getmaxy() / 2;

   /* check for any initialization errors */
   checkerrors();

   /* install a user defined font file */
   userfont = installuserfont("USER.CHR");

   /* check for any installation errors */
   checkerrors();

   /* select the user font */
   settextstyle(userfont, HORIZ_DIR, 4);

   /* output some text */
   outtextxy(midx, midy, "Testing!");

   /* clean up */
   getch();
   closegraph();
   return 0;
}

/* check for and report any graphics errors */
void checkerrors(void)
{
   int errorcode;

   /* read result of last graphics operation */
   errorcode = graphresult();
   if (errorcode != grOk)
   {
      printf("Graphics error: %s\n", grapherrormsg(errorcode));
      printf("ress any key to halt:");
      getch();
      exit(1);
   }
}
   
   
   

函数名: int86
功  能: 通用8086软中断接口
用  法: int int86(int intr_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define VIDEO 0x10

void movetoxy(int x, int y)
{
   union REGS regs;

   regs.h.ah = 2;  /* set cursor postion */
   regs.h.dh = y;
   regs.h.dl = x;
   regs.h.bh = 0;  /* video page 0 */
   int86(VIDEO, &s, &s);
}

int main(void)
{
   clrscr();
   movetoxy(35, 10);
   printf("Hello\n");
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: int86x
功  能: 通用8086软中断接口
用  法: int int86x(int intr_num, union REGS *insegs, union REGS *outregs,
     struct SREGS *segregs);
程序例:

#include <dos.h>
#include <process.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   char filename[80];
   union REGS inregs, outregs;
   struct SREGS segregs;

   printf("Enter filename: ");
   gets(filename);
   inregs.h.ah = 0x43;
   inregs.h.al = 0x21;
   inregs.x.dx = FP_OFF(filename);
   segregs.ds = FP_SEG(filename);
   int86x(0x21, &inregs, &outregs, &segregs);
   printf("File attribute: %X\n", outregs.x.cx);
   return 0;
}
   
   
   

函数名: intdos
功  能: 通用DOS接口
用  法: int intdos(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

/* deletes file name; returns 0 on success, nonzero on failure */
int delete_file(char near *filename)
{
   union REGS regs;
   int ret;
   regs.h.ah = 0x41;                            /* delete file */
   regs.x.dx = (unsigned) filename;
   ret = intdos(&s, &s);

   /* if carry flag is set, there was an error */
   return(regs.x.cflag ? ret : 0);
}

int main(void)
{
   int err;
   err = delete_file("NOTEXIST.$$$");
   if (!err)
      printf("Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$\n");
   else
      printf("Not Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$\n");
   return 0;
}
   
   
   

函数名: intdosx
功  能: 通用DOS中断接口
用  法: int intdosx(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs,
      struct SREGS *segregs);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dos.h>

/* deletes file name; returns 0 on success, nonzero on failure */
int delete_file(char far *filename)
{
   union REGS regs; struct SREGS sregs;
   int ret;
   regs.h.ah = 0x41;                      /* delete file */
   regs.x.dx = FP_OFF(filename);
   sregs.ds = FP_SEG(filename);
   ret = intdosx(&s, &s, &sregs);

   /* if carry flag is set, there was an error */
   return(regs.x.cflag ? ret : 0);
}

int main(void)
{
   int err;
   err = delete_file("NOTEXIST.$$$");
   if (!err)
      printf("Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$\n");
   else
      printf("Not Able to delete NOTEXIST.$$$\n");
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: intr
功  能: 改变软中断接口
用  法: void intr(int intr_num, struct REGPACK *preg);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <dos.h>

#define CF 1  /* Carry flag */

int main(void)
{
   char directory[80];
   struct REGPACK reg;

   printf("Enter directory to change to: ");
   gets(directory);
   reg.r_ax = 0x3B << 8;         /* shift 3Bh into  AH */
   reg.r_dx = FP_OFF(directory);
   reg.r_ds = FP_SEG(directory);
   intr(0x21, &);
   if (reg.r_flags & CF)
      printf("Directory change failed\n");
   getcwd(directory, 80);
   printf("The current directory is: %s\n", directory);
   return 0;
}
   
   

函数名: ioctl
功  能: 控制I/O设备
用  法: int ioctl(int handle, int cmd[,int *argdx, int argcx]);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <dir.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int stat;

   /* use func 8 to determine if the default drive is removable */
   stat = ioctl(0, 8, 0, 0);
   if (!stat)
      printf("Drive %c is removable.\n", getdisk() + 'A');
   else
      printf("Drive %c is not removable.\n", getdisk() + 'A');
   return 0;
}
   
   
   

函数名: isatty
功  能: 检查设备类型
用  法: int isatty(int handle);
程序例:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <io.h>

int main(void)
{
   int handle;

   handle = fileno(stdprn);
   if (isatty(handle))
      printf("Handle %d is a device type\n", handle);
   else
      printf("Handle %d isn't a device type\n", handle);
   return 0;
}
   
   
   

函数名: itoa
功  能: 把一整数转换为字符串
用  法: char *itoa(int value, char *string, int radix);
程序例:

#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int main(void)
{
   int number = 12345;
   char string[25];

   itoa(number, string, 10);
   printf("integer = %d string = %s\n", number, string);
   return 0;
}  
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