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SuSE用户手册中术语表

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发表于 2003-5-31 13:48:54 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
希望能借助新版的开通,把一些linux下的术语的翻译搞定(俺英语太烂,正卡着呢)!
  1. 术语表
  2. account

  3. See access permissions.
  4. ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

  5. Transmission procedure that transmits data about one hundred times faster than ISDN in the telephone
  6. network.
  7. AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

  8. A high-speed slot for graphics cards based on PCI, but offering a larger bandwidth. Furthermore, AGP
  9. graphics cards can revert directly (without routing around the processor) to the Random Access
  10. Memory and main memory, in contrast to PCI models, to swap graphics data there.
  11. main memory

  12. Physical memory of limited capacity that can be accessed rather quickly. This is often referred to
  13. as RAM, Random Access Memory.
  14. ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface)

  15. ATAPI is a type of CD-ROM drive that is connected to an (E)IDE controller. Apart from ATAPI drives,
  16. there are SCSI CD-ROM drives, handled by a SCSI controller, and proprietary CD-ROM drives that use
  17. their own controller or are connected to a sound card.
  18. backup

  19. A backup is a duplicate of data used to restore data that has been damaged or lost. Backups should
  20. be done regularly, especially the important files.
  21. bandwidth

  22. Maximum load capacity of a data channel.
  23. user account

  24. See access permissions.
  25. user directory

  26. See home directory.
  27. operating system

  28. Program that permanently runs in the background on a computer and enables basic system operations.
  29. BIOS

  30. Small component responsible for the initialization of important hardware processes. This essential
  31. procedure is complete when the boot menu appears on the screen.

  32. booting

  33. The sequence of computer operations from power-up until the system is ready for use.
  34. browser

  35. Program that searches and displays contents. Today it is mostly used for programs that graphically
  36. display contents of World Wide Web pages.
  37. cache

  38. In relation to the main memory, it is rather small, but still a fast memory buffer. For example,
  39. open files are saved to the cache to spare the hard disk next time the file is loaded.
  40. client

  41. Workstation in a computer network operated by a server.
  42. CPU (Central Processing Unit)

  43. Processor.
  44. cursor

  45. The cursor is normally a block character that marks the place for input on a computer screen. This
  46. term also often refers to the symbol representing the location of the mouse in graphical interfaces.
  47. daemon

  48. A daemon Disk and execution monitor is a program that monitors in the background and comes into
  49. action when required. Such daemons answer FTP or HTTP requests, for example, or control activity in
  50. the PCMCIA slots.
  51. file system

  52. A file system is a system for structuring files. There are many file systems available, which differ
  53. (sometimes quite extremely) in performance and power.
  54. DDC (Direct Display Channel)

  55. Communication standard between the monitor and the graphics card, which transmits various
  56. parameters, such as monitor name or resolution, to the graphics card.
  57. DNS (Domain Name System)

  58. A system that converts name-based addresses to TCP/IP addresses and vice versa.
  59. e-mail (electronic mail)

  60. The means of transporting mail electronically between registered users via a network. As with normal
  61. mail (often referred to as snail mail), the address must be entered. In e-mail, it is in the form
  62. sender@sender's-domain to recipient@recipient's-domain. E-mail not only lets you send text, but also
  63. sound files or pictures. It has many advantages: it is inexpensive and mail usually reaches its
  64. destination within minutes.
  65. EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)

  66. Improved IDE standard that allows hard disks with a size over 512 MB.
  67. command line

  68. Text-based mode of operating where commands are entered at a prompt. A command line can be accessed
  69. from within a graphical environment as well as from virtual consoles.

  70. ethernet

  71. Popular standard for less expansive computer networks.
  72. EXT2 (Second Extended File System)

  73. EXT2 is the default file system used by Linux.
  74. FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

  75. Common reference to documents answering typical questions.
  76. window manager

  77. A window manager is the layer that interacts between the X Window System and the user. It is
  78. responsible, among other things, for your desktop display. There is a wide variety of window
  79. managers available, one of the more popular ones being kwm for KDE.
  80. free software

  81. See GNU.
  82. firewall

  83. Protects a local network or host from unauthorized access from the Internet using various security
  84. measures.
  85. FTP (file transfer protocol)

  86. A protocol based on TCP/IP for transferring files.
  87. GNU (GNU is Not Unix)

  88. GNU is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF)?. Closely linked to the GNU Project is the
  89. name of Richard Stallman (RMS). The aim of the GNU Project is to create a free Unix-compatible
  90. operating system — free not so much in the sense of free of cost, but in the sense of freedom:
  91. having the right to obtain, modify, and change the software. To guarantee the freedom of the source
  92. code (the actual program code), every change of the original code must be free as well, so
  93. modifications of or additions to the original software cannot compromise this freedom in any way.
  94. The now classic GNU Manifesto ([url]http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html[/url]) explains many aspects of this
  95. thinking. In legal terms, GNU software is protected by the GNU General Public License, or GPL
  96. ([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html[/url]), and by the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL
  97. ([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lgpl.html[/url]).

  98. In connection with the GNU Project, all Unix tools and utilities are being redeveloped and, in part,
  99. provided with more or enhanced functionalities. Even complex software systems, such as Emacs or
  100. glibc, are integral components of the Project.

  101. The Linux kernel, subject to the GPL, profits from this Project (especially from the tools), but
  102. should not be seen as the same thing.
  103. GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)

  104. See GNU.
  105. home directory

  106. Your own private directory in the Linux file system. This belongs to a specific user (usually in
  107. /home/<username>). Except the superuser root, only the user has full access rights in his home
  108. directory.
  109. host name

  110. Name of a machine in Linux, usually the name by which it can be reached on the network.
  111. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

  112. The most important language used in the World Wide Web for designing the contents. The layout
  113. commands made available by HTML define how a document looks and how it is displayed in a browser.
  114. HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

  115. A protocol used between the browsers and Internet servers to transmit HTML pages over the World Wide
  116. Web.
  117. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)

  118. A widely-used hard disk standard in low-grade and middle-grade PCs.
  119. IRQ (Interrupt Request)

  120. A request to the operating system carried out by a hardware component or a program to assign it
  121. processor capacity.
  122. Internet

  123. World-wide computer network based on TCP/IP, which is used by a very large population.
  124. IP address

  125. A numerical 32-bit Internet address, appearing in four decimal series separated by periods (for
  126. example, 192.168.10.1), which is uniquely assigned to a machine connected to TCP/IP networks.
  127. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

  128. A popular digital standard for high-speed data transferral over the telephone network.
  129. wild card

  130. A wild card stands for one (symbol: ?) or more arbitrary characters (symbol: *).
  131. KDE (K Desktop Environment)

  132. A popular desktop environment for Linux. KDE with its corresponding window manager is the default
  133. graphical interface in SuSE Linux.
  134. kernel

  135. The kernel is the central core of the Linux operating system. It manages memory, contains the
  136. drivers that enable communication with the hardware, and handles processes and tasks. Applications
  137. run on top of the kernel.
  138. console

  139. Formerly synonymous with terminal. In Linux, there are severalvirtual consoles that allows the
  140. screen to be used for several independent, parallel work sessions.
  141. LAN (local area network)

  142. A LAN is a local network and is usually rather small.
  143. bookmark

  144. A mostly personal collection of interesting web page or file references directly accessible in the
  145. browser.
  146. LILO (Linux Loader)

  147. Small program installed in the boot sector of the hard disk that not only can be started by Linux,
  148. but by other operating systems as well.
  149. link

  150. A link is a pointer to a file, just as widely used in the Internet as in the Linux file system. In
  151. Linux, there is a distinction made between hard and symbolic links. While hard links refer to the
  152. exact position in the file system, the symbolic link only points to the respective name.
  153. Linux

  154. High performance UNIX-like operating system core distributed freely under the GPL (GNU). The name is
  155. an acronym (Linus's uniX) and refers to its creator, Linus Torvalds. Although the name, in a strict
  156. sense, only refers to the kernel itself, the popular understanding of the term Linux usually entails
  157. the entire system.
  158. login

  159. Authentication of a user by user name and password to gain access to a computer system or network.
  160. logout

  161. The procedure of closing down an interactive Linux session and getting back to the login prompt
  162. where you enter your user name and password.
  163. man pages

  164. Traditional documentation for Unix systems, which can be read using the command man.
  165. MBR (master boot record)

  166. The first physical sector of the hard disk from which the content is loaded to the main memory and
  167. executed by the BIOS. This code then loads either the operating system from a hard disk partition or
  168. a more sophisticated boot loader, such as LILO.
  169. mounting

  170. This describes the insertion of file systems into the directory tree of the system.
  171. multitasking

  172. Operating systems that can invoke more than one program simultaneously are called multitasking
  173. systems.
  174. MP3

  175. Very efficient compression procedure for audio files that reduces the size by a factor of ten in
  176. contrast to an uncompressed audio file.
  177. multiuser

  178. Enables more than one user to work simultaneously on the same system.
  179. network

  180. The interconnection of several computers, accomplished normally using servers and clients.
  181. NFS (Network File System)

  182. A protocol for accessing a file system shared over a network.
  183. NIS (Network Information Service)

  184. A centralized data administration system in networks. User names and passwords can be simultaneously
  185. managed network-wide by the NIS.
  186. partition

  187. Logically-independent section of a hard disk, each possibly containing different file systems. In
  188. Windows, also known as drives.
  189. path

  190. Unique description of a file's position in a file system.
  191. plug and play

  192. Automatic hardware component configuration technology. Resources, such as IRQ and DMA, are
  193. configured and managed separately from the system.
  194. prompt

  195. See command line.
  196. protocol

  197. Standard specifically defined for regulating communication for hardware, software, or networks.
  198. There is a multitude of these standards. The most common examples are HTTP and FTP.
  199. proxy

  200. Most commonly used cache implemented by Internet providers that stores frequently requested contents
  201. in a database to allow other machines requesting those pages to load them directly from it. This
  202. process not only reduces the time it takes to download this information, but also conserves the
  203. available bandwidth.
  204. process

  205. In Linux, started programs or executable files run as processes, often referred to as tasks.
  206. Processes can be controlled by commands like top entered in the shell.
  207. processor

  208. The processor is the brain of every computer, working through and performing commands given by a
  209. user or a program in machine language. The processor has control over the entire system and is
  210. responsible for the actual performance of the computer.
  211. RAM (Random Access Memory)

  212. See main memory.
  213. root

  214. The user undertaking the configuration and maintenance of a complex computer system, such as a
  215. network. This system administrator is usually the only person who has access to all parts of the
  216. system (root permissions).
  217. SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)

  218. Hard disk standard implemented in servers and other high-level machines because of its high-speed
  219. performance. See server.
  220. server

  221. A server is usually a rather powerful computer that offers services, such as HTTP, DNS, and FTP, or
  222. data to other machines connected via a network. There are also programs called servers, like the X
  223. server.
  224. shell

  225. An especially flexible command line often equipped with its own specific programming language.
  226. Examples of shells are Bash, sh, and tcsh.
  227. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

  228. Protocol for transferring e-mails.
  229. SSL (Secure Socket Layer)

  230. Encryption procedure for transferring HTTP data.
  231. superuser

  232. See root.
  233. system administrator

  234. See root
  235. task

  236. See process.
  237. TCP/IP

  238. Internet communication protocol finding increased use in local networks, known as intranets.
  239. telnet

  240. Telnet is the protocol and command for communicating with other hosts. Normally, the user only sees
  241. telnet as a means for logging into a remote system.
  242. terminal

  243. Previously, a keyboard and monitor combination connected to a central computer. This combination,
  244. when connected to a multiuser machine, does not have its own computing power. This term is also used
  245. to describe programs that emulate an actual terminal.
  246. driver

  247. A program between the operating system and the hardware that translates the communication between
  248. these two layers.
  249. environment

  250. A shell usually provides an environment in which the user can perform temporary settings. These
  251. settings include path specifications for programs, the user name, the current path, and the
  252. appearance of prompts. The data is saved in an environment variable. The assignment of the
  253. environment variables is possible, for example, by means of the configuration files of the shell.
  254. environment variable

  255. A position in the environment of the shell. Every environment variable has a name that is usually
  256. capitalized. The variables are assigned values, such as path names.
  257. UNIX

  258. UNIX is an operating system that is widely distributed, above all on workstations in networks. Since
  259. the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a freely available version for PCs: Linux.
  260. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)

  261. Unique Internet address that contains the type (e.g., [url]http://[/url]) and the name of the host (e.g., [url]www.suse.de[/url]).
  262. directory

  263. Directories make up the structure of a file system. A directory lists file and directory names.
  264. VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)

  265. Industrial consortium that defines, among other things, important video standards.
  266. wild cards

  267. Placeholder for one (symbol: ?) or more (symbol: *) unknown characters, most often used in commands
  268. (especially search commands).

  269. root directory

  270. The base directory of the file system that does not have any parent directory (all other directories
  271. have a parent directory). In UNIX?, the root directory is represented as a /.
  272. WWW (World Wide Web)

  273. Based on the HTTP protocol, this is a hyperlinked collection of documents, files, and images that
  274. can be viewed with a web browser.
  275. X11

  276. See X Window System.
  277. X Window System

  278. The X Window System is the standard for graphical interfaces in Linux. It is simply the middle layer
  279. between the hardware and the window manager, such as KDE or GNOME.
  280. YP

  281. See NIS.
  282. access permissions

  283. The account is defined by the user name or login name and the password. The access permissions are
  284. generally set by the system administrator. The access permissions define to which user group the new
  285. user is assigned and the resulting permissions.
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