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希望能借助新版的开通,把一些linux下的术语的翻译搞定(俺英语太烂,正卡着呢)!
- 术语表
- account
- See access permissions.
- ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
- Transmission procedure that transmits data about one hundred times faster than ISDN in the telephone
- network.
- AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
- A high-speed slot for graphics cards based on PCI, but offering a larger bandwidth. Furthermore, AGP
- graphics cards can revert directly (without routing around the processor) to the Random Access
- Memory and main memory, in contrast to PCI models, to swap graphics data there.
- main memory
- Physical memory of limited capacity that can be accessed rather quickly. This is often referred to
- as RAM, Random Access Memory.
- ATAPI (Advanced Technology Attachment Packet Interface)
- ATAPI is a type of CD-ROM drive that is connected to an (E)IDE controller. Apart from ATAPI drives,
- there are SCSI CD-ROM drives, handled by a SCSI controller, and proprietary CD-ROM drives that use
- their own controller or are connected to a sound card.
- backup
- A backup is a duplicate of data used to restore data that has been damaged or lost. Backups should
- be done regularly, especially the important files.
- bandwidth
- Maximum load capacity of a data channel.
- user account
- See access permissions.
- user directory
- See home directory.
- operating system
- Program that permanently runs in the background on a computer and enables basic system operations.
- BIOS
- Small component responsible for the initialization of important hardware processes. This essential
- procedure is complete when the boot menu appears on the screen.
- booting
- The sequence of computer operations from power-up until the system is ready for use.
- browser
- Program that searches and displays contents. Today it is mostly used for programs that graphically
- display contents of World Wide Web pages.
- cache
- In relation to the main memory, it is rather small, but still a fast memory buffer. For example,
- open files are saved to the cache to spare the hard disk next time the file is loaded.
- client
- Workstation in a computer network operated by a server.
- CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- Processor.
- cursor
- The cursor is normally a block character that marks the place for input on a computer screen. This
- term also often refers to the symbol representing the location of the mouse in graphical interfaces.
- daemon
- A daemon Disk and execution monitor is a program that monitors in the background and comes into
- action when required. Such daemons answer FTP or HTTP requests, for example, or control activity in
- the PCMCIA slots.
- file system
- A file system is a system for structuring files. There are many file systems available, which differ
- (sometimes quite extremely) in performance and power.
- DDC (Direct Display Channel)
- Communication standard between the monitor and the graphics card, which transmits various
- parameters, such as monitor name or resolution, to the graphics card.
- DNS (Domain Name System)
- A system that converts name-based addresses to TCP/IP addresses and vice versa.
- e-mail (electronic mail)
- The means of transporting mail electronically between registered users via a network. As with normal
- mail (often referred to as snail mail), the address must be entered. In e-mail, it is in the form
- sender@sender's-domain to recipient@recipient's-domain. E-mail not only lets you send text, but also
- sound files or pictures. It has many advantages: it is inexpensive and mail usually reaches its
- destination within minutes.
- EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
- Improved IDE standard that allows hard disks with a size over 512 MB.
- command line
- Text-based mode of operating where commands are entered at a prompt. A command line can be accessed
- from within a graphical environment as well as from virtual consoles.
- ethernet
- Popular standard for less expansive computer networks.
- EXT2 (Second Extended File System)
- EXT2 is the default file system used by Linux.
- FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)
- Common reference to documents answering typical questions.
- window manager
- A window manager is the layer that interacts between the X Window System and the user. It is
- responsible, among other things, for your desktop display. There is a wide variety of window
- managers available, one of the more popular ones being kwm for KDE.
- free software
- See GNU.
- firewall
- Protects a local network or host from unauthorized access from the Internet using various security
- measures.
- FTP (file transfer protocol)
- A protocol based on TCP/IP for transferring files.
- GNU (GNU is Not Unix)
- GNU is a project of the Free Software Foundation (FSF)?. Closely linked to the GNU Project is the
- name of Richard Stallman (RMS). The aim of the GNU Project is to create a free Unix-compatible
- operating system — free not so much in the sense of free of cost, but in the sense of freedom:
- having the right to obtain, modify, and change the software. To guarantee the freedom of the source
- code (the actual program code), every change of the original code must be free as well, so
- modifications of or additions to the original software cannot compromise this freedom in any way.
- The now classic GNU Manifesto ([url]http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html[/url]) explains many aspects of this
- thinking. In legal terms, GNU software is protected by the GNU General Public License, or GPL
- ([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html[/url]), and by the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL
- ([url]http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lgpl.html[/url]).
- In connection with the GNU Project, all Unix tools and utilities are being redeveloped and, in part,
- provided with more or enhanced functionalities. Even complex software systems, such as Emacs or
- glibc, are integral components of the Project.
- The Linux kernel, subject to the GPL, profits from this Project (especially from the tools), but
- should not be seen as the same thing.
- GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)
- See GNU.
- home directory
- Your own private directory in the Linux file system. This belongs to a specific user (usually in
- /home/<username>). Except the superuser root, only the user has full access rights in his home
- directory.
- host name
- Name of a machine in Linux, usually the name by which it can be reached on the network.
- HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
- The most important language used in the World Wide Web for designing the contents. The layout
- commands made available by HTML define how a document looks and how it is displayed in a browser.
- HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)
- A protocol used between the browsers and Internet servers to transmit HTML pages over the World Wide
- Web.
- IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
- A widely-used hard disk standard in low-grade and middle-grade PCs.
- IRQ (Interrupt Request)
- A request to the operating system carried out by a hardware component or a program to assign it
- processor capacity.
- Internet
- World-wide computer network based on TCP/IP, which is used by a very large population.
- IP address
- A numerical 32-bit Internet address, appearing in four decimal series separated by periods (for
- example, 192.168.10.1), which is uniquely assigned to a machine connected to TCP/IP networks.
- ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
- A popular digital standard for high-speed data transferral over the telephone network.
- wild card
- A wild card stands for one (symbol: ?) or more arbitrary characters (symbol: *).
- KDE (K Desktop Environment)
- A popular desktop environment for Linux. KDE with its corresponding window manager is the default
- graphical interface in SuSE Linux.
- kernel
- The kernel is the central core of the Linux operating system. It manages memory, contains the
- drivers that enable communication with the hardware, and handles processes and tasks. Applications
- run on top of the kernel.
- console
- Formerly synonymous with terminal. In Linux, there are severalvirtual consoles that allows the
- screen to be used for several independent, parallel work sessions.
- LAN (local area network)
- A LAN is a local network and is usually rather small.
- bookmark
- A mostly personal collection of interesting web page or file references directly accessible in the
- browser.
- LILO (Linux Loader)
- Small program installed in the boot sector of the hard disk that not only can be started by Linux,
- but by other operating systems as well.
- link
- A link is a pointer to a file, just as widely used in the Internet as in the Linux file system. In
- Linux, there is a distinction made between hard and symbolic links. While hard links refer to the
- exact position in the file system, the symbolic link only points to the respective name.
- Linux
- High performance UNIX-like operating system core distributed freely under the GPL (GNU). The name is
- an acronym (Linus's uniX) and refers to its creator, Linus Torvalds. Although the name, in a strict
- sense, only refers to the kernel itself, the popular understanding of the term Linux usually entails
- the entire system.
- login
- Authentication of a user by user name and password to gain access to a computer system or network.
- logout
- The procedure of closing down an interactive Linux session and getting back to the login prompt
- where you enter your user name and password.
- man pages
- Traditional documentation for Unix systems, which can be read using the command man.
- MBR (master boot record)
- The first physical sector of the hard disk from which the content is loaded to the main memory and
- executed by the BIOS. This code then loads either the operating system from a hard disk partition or
- a more sophisticated boot loader, such as LILO.
- mounting
- This describes the insertion of file systems into the directory tree of the system.
- multitasking
- Operating systems that can invoke more than one program simultaneously are called multitasking
- systems.
- MP3
- Very efficient compression procedure for audio files that reduces the size by a factor of ten in
- contrast to an uncompressed audio file.
- multiuser
- Enables more than one user to work simultaneously on the same system.
- network
- The interconnection of several computers, accomplished normally using servers and clients.
- NFS (Network File System)
- A protocol for accessing a file system shared over a network.
- NIS (Network Information Service)
- A centralized data administration system in networks. User names and passwords can be simultaneously
- managed network-wide by the NIS.
- partition
- Logically-independent section of a hard disk, each possibly containing different file systems. In
- Windows, also known as drives.
- path
- Unique description of a file's position in a file system.
- plug and play
- Automatic hardware component configuration technology. Resources, such as IRQ and DMA, are
- configured and managed separately from the system.
- prompt
- See command line.
- protocol
- Standard specifically defined for regulating communication for hardware, software, or networks.
- There is a multitude of these standards. The most common examples are HTTP and FTP.
- proxy
- Most commonly used cache implemented by Internet providers that stores frequently requested contents
- in a database to allow other machines requesting those pages to load them directly from it. This
- process not only reduces the time it takes to download this information, but also conserves the
- available bandwidth.
- process
- In Linux, started programs or executable files run as processes, often referred to as tasks.
- Processes can be controlled by commands like top entered in the shell.
- processor
- The processor is the brain of every computer, working through and performing commands given by a
- user or a program in machine language. The processor has control over the entire system and is
- responsible for the actual performance of the computer.
- RAM (Random Access Memory)
- See main memory.
- root
- The user undertaking the configuration and maintenance of a complex computer system, such as a
- network. This system administrator is usually the only person who has access to all parts of the
- system (root permissions).
- SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
- Hard disk standard implemented in servers and other high-level machines because of its high-speed
- performance. See server.
- server
- A server is usually a rather powerful computer that offers services, such as HTTP, DNS, and FTP, or
- data to other machines connected via a network. There are also programs called servers, like the X
- server.
- shell
- An especially flexible command line often equipped with its own specific programming language.
- Examples of shells are Bash, sh, and tcsh.
- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
- Protocol for transferring e-mails.
- SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
- Encryption procedure for transferring HTTP data.
- superuser
- See root.
- system administrator
- See root
- task
- See process.
- TCP/IP
- Internet communication protocol finding increased use in local networks, known as intranets.
- telnet
- Telnet is the protocol and command for communicating with other hosts. Normally, the user only sees
- telnet as a means for logging into a remote system.
- terminal
- Previously, a keyboard and monitor combination connected to a central computer. This combination,
- when connected to a multiuser machine, does not have its own computing power. This term is also used
- to describe programs that emulate an actual terminal.
- driver
- A program between the operating system and the hardware that translates the communication between
- these two layers.
- environment
- A shell usually provides an environment in which the user can perform temporary settings. These
- settings include path specifications for programs, the user name, the current path, and the
- appearance of prompts. The data is saved in an environment variable. The assignment of the
- environment variables is possible, for example, by means of the configuration files of the shell.
- environment variable
- A position in the environment of the shell. Every environment variable has a name that is usually
- capitalized. The variables are assigned values, such as path names.
- UNIX
- UNIX is an operating system that is widely distributed, above all on workstations in networks. Since
- the beginning of the 1990s, there has been a freely available version for PCs: Linux.
- URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
- Unique Internet address that contains the type (e.g., [url]http://[/url]) and the name of the host (e.g., [url]www.suse.de[/url]).
- directory
- Directories make up the structure of a file system. A directory lists file and directory names.
- VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association)
- Industrial consortium that defines, among other things, important video standards.
- wild cards
- Placeholder for one (symbol: ?) or more (symbol: *) unknown characters, most often used in commands
- (especially search commands).
- root directory
- The base directory of the file system that does not have any parent directory (all other directories
- have a parent directory). In UNIX?, the root directory is represented as a /.
- WWW (World Wide Web)
- Based on the HTTP protocol, this is a hyperlinked collection of documents, files, and images that
- can be viewed with a web browser.
- X11
- See X Window System.
- X Window System
- The X Window System is the standard for graphical interfaces in Linux. It is simply the middle layer
- between the hardware and the window manager, such as KDE or GNOME.
- YP
- See NIS.
- access permissions
- The account is defined by the user name or login name and the password. The access permissions are
- generally set by the system administrator. The access permissions define to which user group the new
- user is assigned and the resulting permissions.
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