Installing Oracle 9iR2 on Red Hat 9

空心菜

by Roko Roic
09/04/2003
There are an ever-growing number of reasons to run the Oracle database server on a Linux-based OS. The price factor is obvious, as OS licenses can really boost the total price of your multiple workstation or clustered (RAC) server installation. Then there's the stability factor, the possibility of total remote administration, the availability of platform source code, speed, flexible filesystem, the strong Unix legacy .... Heck, even Oracle itself runs its business on what they like to call Unbreakable Linux.

Red Hat's latest and greatest Linux distribution release comes with quite a few improvements, many of which are targeted at the needs of the workstation user. As new hardware owners become early adopters, this OS will surely dominate Linux developers' workstations in the months to come. Support for cutting-edge hardware and software technologies, easier maintenance via graphical configuration tools, polished office and productivity applications, a unified interface, development tools, and, of course, Red Hat's reputation will also make it the OS of choice for many Oracle developers. Unfortunately, unless the current version was certified, Oracle installation hardly ever ran smoothly on Red Hat Linux. Still, where there's a will, there's always a way. With a little help from this article, you will have your Oracle 9iR2 server running in no time on your new Red Hat 9 box. Let us begin.

Adding Users and Groups
First, you will need to create the Oracle installation and users and groups. Oracle installation needs two Unix user groups and one runtime Oracle user.

Log in as root and issue the following commands in a terminal:

[root@miniroko]# groupadd dba
[root@miniroko]# groupadd oinstall
[root@miniroko]# useradd -g oinstall -G dba oracle
[root@miniroko]# passwd oracle
The last command will prompt you to enter the password for your oracle user. Make sure you remember it, because you will probably need it as we go along.

Creating Directories
Oracle recommends OFA, the Optimal Flexible Architecture directory structure for a deployment server, but on a development machine and for the sake of simplicity, we will install everything under /opt/ora9.

Just make sure you have at least 3.5GB available for a full installation including one database, and issue the following commands as root:

[root@miniroko]# mkdir -p /opt/ora9/product/9.2
[root@miniroko]# mkdir /var/opt/oracle
[root@miniroko]# chown oracle.dba /var/opt/oracle
[root@miniroko]# chown -R oracle.dba /opt/ora9/*
[root@miniroko]# chmod 755 /var/opt/oracle
You have now created Oracle runtime directories and granted write privileges to user oracle and execute privileges to group dba.

Installing Required Tools and Libraries
You will need to install the following Red Hat backward-compatibility and software-development packages before we get further underway. All of these packages can be found on Red Hat installation CDs 1-3.

gcc-3.2.2-5
cpp-3.2.2-5
glibc-devel-2.3.2-11.9
binutils-2.13.90.0.18-9
compat-gcc-7.3-2.96.118.i386.rpm
compat-libgcj-7.3-2.96.118.i386.rpm
compat-libgcj-devel-7.3-2.96.118.i386.rpm
nss_db-compat-2.2-20.i386.rpm
You can install these packages using Redhat's graphical package manager available in Start menu->System Settings->Add/Remove Applications, or from the command line, using:

rpm -Uvh <package_name>
Replace package_name with each RPM listed above.

Once you have downloaded all of the packages, use the command line rpm tool to upgrade:

% rpm -UVh package_name
Setting Kernel Parameters
Red Hat religiously sets some kernel parameters too conservatively. Check your hardware configuration and assign enough shared memory, open files, and ports, or you may run into trouble installing and running Oracle. Append these lines to /etc/sysctl.conf to set kernel parameters:

kernel.shmmax = 536870912
kernel.shmmni = 4096
kernel.shmall = 2097152
kernel.sem    = 250 32000 100 128
fs.file-max   = 65536

net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 1024 65000
Append these lines to /etc/security/limits.conf to modify your resource limits:

oracle soft nofile 65536
oracle hard nofile 65536
oracle soft nproc 16384
oracle hard nproc 16384
Reboot the system so the kernel changes can take effect. If rebooting is not an option, you can change the kernel params at runtime by issuing:

[root@miniroko]# echo 250 32000 100 128 > /proc/sys/kernel/sem
[root@miniroko]# echo 536870912 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
[root@miniroko]# echo 4096 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni
[root@miniroko]# echo 2097152 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmall
[root@miniroko]# echo 65536 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
[root@miniroko]# echo 1024 65000 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_local_port_range
For a full explanation of the /proc filesystem and available parameters, you might want to read Red Hat's Online Linux Manual
Setting up the oracle User Environment
Log in as the oracle user:

% su - oracle
I will assume that you are using the default bash shell for this user. Setting environment variables in other shells may differ from this example, so check your shell's manual page or set bash as the oracle user's shell. We will set up Oracle basic environment (users, paths, locale) and some extra values needed for Oracle to run correctly on Red Hat 9. Put the following lines at the end of ~/.bashrc:

# oracle 9i
export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/ora9
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/ora9/product/9.2
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/binORACLE_HOME/Apache/Apache/binPATH
export ORACLE_OWNER=oracle
export ORACLE_SID=ora9i
export ORACLE_TERM=xterm

# Use old Linuxthreads with floating stacks instead of
# the new Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL)
export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.1
export THREADS_FLAG=native

# Edit paths
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/ora9/product/9.2/libLD_LIBRARY_PATH
export PATH=/opt/ora9/product/9.2/binPATH

#
# change this NLS settings to suit your country:
# example:
# german_germany.we8iso8859p15, american_america.we8iso8859p2 etc.
#
export NLS_LANG='croatian_croatia.ee8iso8859p2'
If you are using other national settings for Oracle (these are Croatian), consult the supported settings and change the NLS_LANG variable accordingly.

The Red Hat 9 Linux kernel comes with the new Native POSIX Thread Library, which causes Oracle installation to hang. By setting the LD_ASSUME_KERNEL variable to an older kernel version, we are making Linux use the old Linuxthreads library. For more information about the difference between these threading methods, please consult the Red Hat 9 Release notes.






Running the Installer
To install 9iR2 on Linux, Oracle recommends at least 512MB of RAM and at least 400MB of swap space. If you have less then 512MB of RAM and upgrading is not an option, you can resize your swap partition or create temporary swapping space. The later is a much more convenient option, as you will be needing this space only during the installation.

To set up a temporary Linux swap area, execute these lines as root:

% dd if=/dev/zero of=tmp_swap bs=1k count=900000
% chmod 600 tmp_swap
% mkswap tmp_swap
% swapon tmp_swap
After you finish installing, you can free this space:

% swapoff tmp_swap
% rm tmp_swap
Now that you have all the major obstacles out of the way, you can run the installer. Please remember that the Oracle installer must be run from X. You will need to allow the local oracle user to write to your X display:

$ xhost +127.0.0.1
Do not change to your CD-ROM mount directory (e.g., /mnt/cdrom), because you will not be able to unmount the first CD to insert others when asked. Start the installer from your home directory using:

$ su - oracle
$ /mnt/cdrom/install/linux/runInstaller
Installation
We will not describe the installation process in detail, as Oracle provides extensive documentation on that subject and it is way beyond the scope of this article. It is pretty much self-explanatory, but if you run into trouble, there's always a help button to assist you. If you need more help, check the docs directory on the Oracle CDs, the online Oracle Documentation, or Oracle Linux Center. During the installation, Oracle will ask you to insert other disks. When asked, open up a new console, unmount the current disk with umount /dev/cdrom (as root) and replace the disk. If Red Hat 9 does not mount it automagically, mount it yourself with mount /dev/cdrom and choose to continue with the installation wizard.

As you go along, your installation may produce three different errors:

You may see an error dialog informing about problems with ins_oemagent.mk. Ignore this one; we will fix it in post installation.


Figure 1. ins_oemagent.mk errors
A dialog may inform you about an Error in invoking target install of makefile $ORACLE_HOME/ctx/lib/ins_ctx.mk.

Figure 2. makefile error

When this happens, open up a new X terminal and log in as the oracle user. Execute the following commands:

[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/install
[oracle@miniroko install]$ tail make.log
You will see a line like this:

gcc -o ctxhx -L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/ -L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/lib/
-L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/lib/stubs/  /opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/ctxhx.o
-L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/ -lm -lsc_ca -lsc_fa -lsc_ex -lsc_da -lsc_ut
-lsc_ch -lsc_fi -lctxhx -lc -Wl,-rpath,/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib -lnls9
-lcore9 -lnls9 -lcore9 -lnls9 -lxml9 -lcore9 -lunls9 -lnls9

Figure 3. The make.log

Copy this line, add -ldl at the end, and run it in $ORACLE_HOME/bin.

[oracle@miniroko]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/bin
[oracle@miniroko bin]$ gcc -o ctxhx -L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/
-L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/lib/ -L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/lib/stubs/  
/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/ctxhx.o -L/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib/
-lm -lsc_ca -lsc_fa -lsc_ex -lsc_da -lsc_ut -lsc_ch -lsc_fi -lctxhx -lc
-Wl,-rpath,/opt/ora9/product/9.2/ctx/lib -lnls9 -lcore9 -lnls9 -lcore9
-lnls9 -lxml9 -lcore9 -lunls9 -lnls9 -ldl
Now you have fixed the problem, so hit the ignore button on the dialog and the installation will continue.

The installation may inform you that agent failed to start. Choose ignore on this one; we will also fix it in post installation.
Do not create a database at the end of the installation. Not all things are operational at this point, and we still need to perform some minor fixes. Click on Software only and continue. Don't worry, you will be able to create your database later using dbca, the Oracle database configuration assistant.


Figure 4. Do not create a database

Post-Installation
Let's fix the issues Oracle had with ins_ctx.mk and starting the agent. Open a new terminal and log in as the oracle user. Execute these lines:

[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/lib
[oracle@miniroko lib]$ make -f ins_net_client.mk install
Now edit the $ORACLE_HOME/ctx/lib/ins_ctx.mk file. Change lines 13-14 from:

ctxhx: $(CTXHXOBJ)
$(LINK) $(CTXHXOBJ) $(INSO_LINK)
to

ctxhx: $(CTXHXOBJ)
$(LINK) -ldl $(CTXHXOBJ) $(INSO_LINK)
You are now ready to retry making:

[oracle@miniroko lib]$ make -f $ORACLE_HOME/ctx/lib/ins_ctx.mk install
Voila, you now have a fully working installation of Oracle 9iR2 database server. If you wish, you can now create your Oracle database using dbca.

Starting and Stopping the Database
svrmgrl is no longer supported by Oracle, so use sqlplus for startup and shutdown operations. To start the server:

[root@miniroko]# su - oracle
[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ lsnrctl start
[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on ?et Svi 29 13:52:34 2003

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.

Total System Global Area   93393176 bytes
Fixed Size                   450840 bytes
Variable Size              75497472 bytes
Database Buffers           16777216 bytes
Redo Buffers                 667648 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
To shut down the server:

[root@miniroko]# su - oracle
[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ lsnrctl stop
[oracle@miniroko oracle]$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production on ?et Svi 29 13:55:32 2003

Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation.  All rights reserved.

SQL> connect / as sysdba
Connected.
SQL> shutdown
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> exit
Disconnected from Oracle9i Enterprise Edition Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
With the Partitioning, OLAP and Oracle Data Mining options
JServer Release 9.2.0.1.0 - Production
To integrate Oracle with Red Hat's SysV init process and make startup and shutdown automatic, you can use Gurulab's Oracle9i RHL Run Package. I do not recommend Oracle's native scripts $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbstart and $ORACLE_HOME/bin/dbshut, as they do not always work as advertised and require some changes.

Conclusion
You now have a fully featured Oracle installation on your computer. Please remember that Oracle 9.2 is not certified for Red Hat 9, and that this combination is not endorsed in production and deployment environments. As a workstation, however, it is perfectly stable and usable.